The Rise of Antibiotic Resistant Diseases - 1109 Words

The use of antibiotics dates from the 1920s and, for the first time in history, the human race has a chance to win in the war against bacterial disease. Unfortunately, it is unknown if humans will ever win the battle against disease because of antibiotic resistant strains. Antibiotics are overprescribed and with the overuse, bacteria are becoming resistant at a rapid rate. Without antibiotics bacteria would still mutate but the mutations would not help the bacteria. With antibiotics the bacteria do have an advantage when they mutate. Through natural selection the resistant strains are able to survive and spread while the antibiotics kill the nonresistant strains. It is important to understand that overuse is not causing bacteria to mutate but rather is increasing the rate of resistance. Behaviors such as doctors prescribing antibiotics to patients even when not necessary and farmers using antibiotics to make their farm animals bigger are the reason why antibiotic resistance is becomi ng a major problem. Antibiotics are prescribed to patients even when they are not necessary; this is because when people get sick, they seek immediate recovery and often demand an antibiotic even if they are suffering from a virus, which cannot be cured with an antibiotic. Antibiotics do not cure viruses, but doctors prescribe them for the placebo effect so patients think they feel better. Antibiotics are also misused on farms where they are used to not only prevent and cure illness but to alsoShow MoreRelatedAntibiotics And Their Influence On The Creation Of Superbugs Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesAntibiotics and Their Influence on the Creation of Superbugs Shawna R. Papach State College of Florida ENC: 1101:11985 11/13/2016 Abstract Antibiotics have been a very important means for someone to feel better. Since the discovery of Penicillin in 1928, antibiotics have saved many countless lives that otherwise wouldn’t be saved. The real threat in the world today is the rapid spreading of antibiotic resistant diseases. To address this worldwide problem the National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-ResistantRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Antibiotics973 Words   |  4 Pagesif it weren’t for a shortage? Antibiotic shortages are always on the rise, and will continue on for centuries. For the past 20th century, antibiotics have been considered an incredible revelation, and as the years go on, there has been an unbelievable increase in bacterial infections, viruses, diseases today have cause a shortage in antibiotics. The old antibiotics that no longer take an effect on today s infections, are seeking to be replaced with a working antibiotic. With an increase of bacterialRead MoreThe Evolution of An tibiotic Resistant Bacteria Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginningRead MoreAntibiotic Resistant Catastrophe864 Words   |  4 Pages Since the 1940’s antibiotics have greatly decreased death and illness due to infectious diseases. These drugs have had a significant impact on patient’s health when used correctly and appropriately. (CDC, 2013) However sometimes they are overused. When these antibiotics are overused, or used for diseases in which they are not necessary the infectious organism could become antibiotic resistant. Antibiotic resistance is defined as, the effect of microbes transforming in ways thatRead MoreThe Discovery Of Antibiotics And Medicine Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovery of antibiotics is arguably the greatest contribution to modern medicine. The widespread use of antibiotics along with vaccines had paved the way for the treatment and cure for many of the otherwise fatal bacteria diseases and this led to a decline in the mortality rates in the mid-20th century. The use of antibiotics in medicine today to treat diseases have not all been met with positive outcomes. As a matter of fact, its relative ease of access and abundance has given rise to a major problemRead MoreAntibiotic Resistant And Infectious Diseases1562 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Antibiotics are medications that kill bacteria which could also make us sick and eventual patient died from the virus if not treated quicker. Antibiotics help prevent bacteria from cell duplication. People are dying worldwide just from virus outbreak while they also seeking for a treatment of the diagnosis from bronchitis and other infectious diseases. Doctors around the globe have discovered that some of the organisms â€Å"waging warfare† against humans resistant to antibiotics these patientsRead MoreEssay Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria757 Words   |  4 PagesAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria For about 50 years, antibiotics have been the answer to many bacterial infections. Antibiotics are chemical substances that are secreted by living things. Doctors prescribed these medicines to cure many diseases. During World War II, it treated one of the biggest killers during wartime - infected wounds. It was the beginning of the antibiotic era. But just when antibiotics were being mass produced, bacteria started to evolve and became resistant to these medicinesRead MoreIntroduction Of Microorganisms And Antimicrobial Resistance Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand different challenge. For example; microorganisms that cause diseases for human have developed resistance mechanism to fight antimicrobial agents. (Byarugaba.D.K.,2009) Antibiotics are drugs used for fighting infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the last 60 years, antibiotics have become one of the cornerstones of new medicine. They have a critical role in reducing illness and even death from infectious diseases. Without this miracle drug, many of the new therapies and medicalRead MoreStaphylococcus Aureus : Symptoms And Treatment1314 Words   |  6 Pagessevere life threatening diseases. There are several different strains of staphylococcus and depending on the severity of the infection is how a health care provider decides the treatment most efficient. Impetigo is more common in children, but adults still have the chance of getting this skin condition. Toxic Shock Syndrome is also associated with S. aureus and is found in at least 50% of the cases to date. S. aureus can display a variety of symptoms and all vary with the disease at hand. Symptoms canRead MoreAntibiotic Resistance1679 Words   |  7 PagesNature Finds a Way: Anti biotic Resistance in Streptococcus Pneumoniae Introduction There is an estimate of 1 million children age five and under dying to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) each year (Schrag S, Beall B, and Dowell S 2001). This is due to the growing threat of bacteria becoming resistant to more and more antibiotics. The first case of S. pneumoniae becoming resistant to an antibiotic was in 1965, to penicillin, just twenty-two years after the drug was first created. This is cause

Essay - 885 Words

Have you ever been stuck between traveling the world or going to school, but not really sure where to star? Maybe you want to swim with dolphins in Dubi, snorkel with sting rays in the Bahamas or even eat exotic food like lion meat in South Africa. Luckily enough here at Iowa State theres a great program to be able to do both! In this program, the importance of following the practical guidelines is during this time the program is delegated to be responsible for an authority to develop and commensurate. The Iowa State campus Study Abroad Association stuff says in other words that they have time to examine and create a plan for everyone by making critical decisions. According to the Iowa State home page it states â€Å"Ames, Iowa, may seem†¦show more content†¦Research has shown that students who study abroad graduate within four years at a higher rate than students who stay on campus for their full degree program. Studying abroad helps you define your goals and focuses your attention. It’s also a great career boost, as employers are looking for recent grads who have leadership skills and experience working with people from other cultures (Study Abroad Center ). There are many opportunities for studying abroad for many types of majors and even for those undecided at the beginning of their college career. For example if you are looking into College of Design let’s say, They state that â€Å" College of Design International Programs provide personal, academic and professional benefits that will extend far beyond your last day abroad. Studying abroad will help you to become more independent and flexible, to develop problem-solving and leadership skills, to increase your creativity and confidence, and to handle stressful situations better Depending on the program you choose, you’ll have the opportunity to study with College of Design faculty members and/or distinguished local lecturers. You can fulfill the degree requirements while seeing the world. Museums, galleries, buildings, outdoor spaces and monuments abroad will become your classroom as you explore first-hand what you’ve been learning about in textbooks here in Ames. Just in this simple major has three unique opportunities toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. Should you be angry at him for leaving you, or should you support and respect his decision ? In her essay quot;Flight,quot; Doris Lessing illustrates the story of an old man who is learning to let go his granddaughter as she growsRead MoreEssay and Academic Life1117 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage learner? Discuss two or three problems with specific examples and details. Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead MorePristine Contentment Essay590 Words   |  3 Pageshome she becomes absorbed in its tranquility and indifference. She is reborn, starts anew and creates a new life for herself. Ehrlich even cut her hair and buys new clothes to create a quot;newquot; and different person. To read and understand this essay means looking deeper into the authors story of rebirth, and how the big Wyoming skies were healing and put things into perspective for her. Thus, improving her quality of life without any fillers or distractions. Ehrlichs purpose for being in

Report on importance of Personal Development Plans Free Essays

â€Å" A structured and supported procedure undertaken by an single to reflect upon their ain acquisition, public presentation and/or accomplishment and to be after for their personal, educational and calling development Planning is the span between where we are and where we would be. Kountz and Odonnel Meaning: – Personal development program intending refers to the action that improves the self-knowledge and puting up the ends and aims in instruction, calling and personal development. Through be aftering you can put short term average term and long term aims to make the end of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on importance of Personal Development Plans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Planning is the contemplation of yesteryear for illustration: – If you were good in yesteryear you have to better than that in future. It is bridging the spread to make the finish. Importance of Personal Development Plan IMPORTANCE OF HAVING A PLAN- If we want to accomplish any set of mark we need program. Developing a program helps me to measure the work, the program will besides give me or demo me the strength and failing which I have to supervise for farther development, due to which I can besides mensurate my work procedure. The failing and strength will steer me from where I have to acquire the strength. Well it is non merely required at starting of the work but need to alter from clip to clip. A well organised program will steer me what type of action to be taken and besides about the obstructions. Learning accomplishments and there development How program will back up to accomplish your end Resources needed to accomplish end Check point Time management-looking towards the program I need to be perfect on clip. Bettering my larning performance- acquisition is better but can be more better if I will better it. Problem work outing skill-problem should be solved on clip and on demand. Better usage of engineering Time direction will assist me to accomplish the argentine and besides I can judge that what I am making is on clip or non. It will assist me to larn the things which I need to develop for my program. Problems work outing accomplishment assist me to screen out the jobs coming in the program. It will assist in happening the things which are needed for program like the usage of cyberspace. Time Books, Money etc. Resources like computing machines, mention book, newspapers etc. 20th lucifer Overview Making a personal development program is therefore non plenty as in order to do certain that all your marks are meet to the best of its abilities it is ever best to reexamine your ends. My personal development program gives an overview of what I am making and where I want to venture into the close hereafter. As a concern orientated individual myself I feel that the class that I am presently making will assist me derive a bridgehead within the direction sector of a well-established organisation. However even be aftering in front can ever hold its reverses, as they can be many hurdlings along the manner for me in order to carry through my set ends. Therefore in this portion of the assignment I will be analyzing my ends and detecting possible solutions which in clip will take me to my end calling aspirations of endeavoring into having and transporting out my ain concern in the close hereafter. Short Term Aims As from the tabular array above it clearly illustrates that I have meet my short-run aims, which were non that easy as to do a determination upon. At first I had registered with the college supplier to transport out a ABE class, nevertheless I was non cognizant of what the class entailed me to make. This is due to the fact that the college booklets did n’t give a full illustration towards the chief facets that need to be covered in the class, and therefore I felt that it would non be of good to my calling aspirations. Therefore when I came to UK I made an assignment with the installation staff member and discussed my programs, ends and what I am good at and what accomplishments I obtain. I went through the college classs with the staff member who so guided me into the BTEC class of Management surveies. Finding a right class for me was the extreme necessary measure for me, as I have to be comfy within my country of surveies. Therefore by choosing this class it gave me a degree of expertness within the country of concern that I want to restitute into in the close hereafter. Equally good as discoursing the class modules with the installation staff member I besides carried out my ain research by utilizing the cyberspace and researching the class and what and how it will be of good to me. Once I had decided I so had the obstructions of paying the fees although I had plenty I still had to pay a little sum more, for this I meet with the fiscal support staff within the college and decided upon a payment strategy which has proven to be constructive for me. As an abroad pupil at first it was difficult to accommodate to the milieus of a different civilized life environment. However by interacting with my fellow class members and by populating within the Halls of occupants I have a much greater acquaintance and have adapted rather good with the people and with the ambiance in UK. The co-workers help is much beneficial to me as they can assist me in doing friends and besides happening occupation by which I can acquire good money for transporting out my surveies. The local people populating here can steer me in a better manner and besides can assist me as in am new in this state here one can state the accomplishment like communicating assist me much for transporting out the aim. Average Term Aims These aims are indispensable for me, presently I am seeking to run into all of my assessment deadlines and researching the appraisal standard ‘s to the best of my abilities. In order to do certain that I am transporting out my appraisals I use the cyberspace, newspaper articles and concern studies. All of which have been extremely utile to me when composing up my appraisals. Looking towards the undertaking of personal development program which I had made there is needed to get the better of certain obstructions, without which the program can non be in a proper sequence. Time direction skill-need to look into the undertaking and to rectify it when the program is traveling out of agenda. Questioning skill-need to inquiry in the group A ; to discourse the subject, inquiry to our ego and to lecturer. By taking this class I have improved upon my organisational and clip maintaining accomplishments. Another obstruction that I have overcome is that as appraisals are set it is non ever easy to understand the chief range of what is required. Therefore I have made it my responsibility to inquire my lector when I am unsure of the undertakings that are set to me. This manner I gain a better apprehension and I am able to derive in-depth cognition from my lector upon the countries of the faculty that are hard for me. This shows that it is really of import and necessary to derive support within the academic field i.e. From your lectors when a trouble arises. Self-Developing skills-need to do to better by self-reviewing, by larning from the environment, rectifying the errors. Fiscal planning-this can be sorted out by looking toward the disbursals where I am disbursement and by better fiscal planning. Use of proper resources-this can be done by utilizing the resources in the mode how they are needed and in the proper manner this can be achieved by holding the proper cognition of the resources and besides of the program A ; Keeping off the professional life from studies-not working more than required and in the holiday period merely. deadline. I can match this into my working life every bit good. As working in Primark, I have come across minor jobs such as covering with clients face to face who have minor jobs of get oning etc. To get the better of this I have learnt from my senior co-workers what other option we can give to the clients that can experience them comfort. I can state from above reappraisal that this obstructions are to be sorted out for a good PDP, to get the better of them the basic thing Is have to be is in a comfort zone ( our life manner, work and our societal environment in which we are customise ) .thus doing my program in a uninterrupted flow. The pupils with whom i am analyzing and the lector can assist me in finishing my surveies. They can be good in supplying me a proper usher line and besides in the understanding the subjects which are needed to finish my bathe supports from my co-workers and lector can assist me in finishing my program on clip. Sometime the deficiency of resources can be made taken from the co-workers like the usage of pressman or mention notes. Long Term Aims Where do I see myself after this class is completed. Well my chief concern as of now is to finish my class with good consequences. My long-run aims are inter-linked with my consequences. As I plan to transport on with my educational development by transporting out my MBA in Management Studies. I am really interested within the concern field ; hence I feel that by transporting out an Master in business I will be able to derive good calling and occupation chances in UK. With such chances I can utilize my accomplishments that I gain from my academic and working background in UK to thrive within my ain state. As a practical individual I am ever interested in the field of running my ain concern, hence I plan to open my ain concern and run it harmonizing to my ain demands. The chief obstruction for this will be costs and the clip graduated table, which I will hold to prioritize with my ain personal life. Therefore I feel that one time I have settled down in life with a good occupation within the direction sector, so I can subsequently on in life develop my involvement in researching the running of my ain concern. In order to carry through my set ends and aspirations in the current and near future I plan to reexamine my action program every 6 months. This will give me a clear prospective of what I am carry throughing and what I need to accomplish within the continuance of clip. Therefore self-review is ever of import as it enables one to maintain in path of their ends and amend or adjust into extra fortunes that may originate. Bing a good director I have to be in communicating with the people for the selling and besides for other development in the concern. The support from market people for finance and the market had a good impact on the development of the concern. They can assist me from their experience and from the accomplishments they have. Bing a man of affairs on the footing of net income hey can besides back up me to acquire the better trades and chance in the market so I can stand in the market. How to cite Report on importance of Personal Development Plans, Essay examples

The Concept of TFV Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What is the history of the TFV? How did it come about, where, and when? What has been this Historical Purpose of the TFV?2.The Extent to which the Australian Regulatory Environment for Financial Reporting supports the TFV? Answers: Introduction These days, the concept of TFV is a vital bookkeeping standard. The word bookkeeping standard improves the significance of the TFV idea naturally. The primary purpose for it is that bookkeeping guidelines are real piece of the corporate announcing systems; and such structures are totally trailed by the Companies demonstrations or laws. In addition to this, the TFV idea does not have any statutory definition; but rather it has its own significance in IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and UK GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). These universal bookkeeping models make the concept of TFV legitimate and dependable. Also, the idea of TFV has legitimate explanations that are composed by British Judges named as Lord Hoffmann and Dame Mary Arden. In perspective of that, it has turned into a focal piece of the bookkeeping, budgetary and evaluating practices of the business associations. Moreover, in this exploration paper, a literature review is directed to clarify the history and also recorded reason for the concept of TFV. Moreover, the writing survey would be advantageous to depict the degree to which the administrative condition for monetary detailing of Australia backings the concept of true fair view. 1.History and Historical Purpose of the concept of TFV In the perspectives of Salihin, Fatima, Ousama (2015), the idea of TFV does not have any lawful significance and definition. Be that as it may, it has lawful conclusions and judgments also. Alongside this, the creators' further express that the concept of TFV is an origination that we as a whole hold in like manner, and hence, it is not a subject for civil argument to individuals. Besides, the source and history of the concept of TFV is as yet a matter of talk. The fundamental explanation for it is that, there is a nonattendance of particular acts or laws those may depict the cause and history of the TFV idea obviously. Then again, as indicated by the FRC (Financial Reporting Council), the concept of TFV started from the legitimate conclusions and definitive articulations of the British Judges Lord Hoffmann and Dame Mary Arden. They put their suppositions in regards to the TFV idea in 1983 and 1984(Salihin, Fatima, Ousama, 2015). As a result, it can be considered as a vital bookkee ping standard that assumes a basic part to enhance the precision of the budgetary and review reports of the business associations. What's more, Nobes Parker (1991) express that, the TFV idea was begun before in eighteenth century. As per the creators, the source of the TFV idea is normal in the Companies demonstrations of 1844 and 1856 also. Alongside this, the creators say that the concept of TFV was produced to gauge real valuation of benefits. As indicated by the TFV idea, business associations were obliged to consider the up and coming costs with a specific end goal to evaluate the right estimation of the advantages. Additionally, the event of the TFV idea is identified with the exactness of the budgetary explanations of the business associations. The creators additionally express that, the concept of TFV started from the UK Joint Stock Companies Act, 1844. Under this demonstration, the chiefs of the business affiliations are obliged to depict a real and fair view in the monetary proclamations, record books, and asset reports of the organizations (Nobes Parker, 1991). In this way, the idea of TFV is a lawf ul idea. It is trailed by a large portion of the business firms to exhibit straightforwardness and also precision in the money related proclamations of the organizations. In addition to this, in the expressions of Chambers Wolnizer (1991), the concept of TFV is a bookkeeping standard. It is identified with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). In UK, the vast majority of the organizations has embraced and actualized the concept of TFV to depict understandability, dependability, and precision in their money related proclamations, and budgetary detailing also. Alongside this, under the Companies Act 2006, the money related executives of the business affiliations are require to make evident real and fair view in their budgetary capacities and additionally examining rehearses. They are will undoubtedly guarantee that the money related reports of the organizations are skilled to give a real and fair view in an adequate and a more exhaustive way (Chambers Wolnizer, 1991). Besides, the monetary specialists of the business firms are honest to ensure that the money related articulations and review reports of the organizations are agreeable with the pre-decided bookkeeping benchmarks. Furthermore, as indicated by the creators Vyas, Ambadka, Bhargava, (2015), the concept of TFV was developed in Great Britain in the year 1844. There are various recorded purposes those brought the idea of TFV prior in the eighteenth century. For case, the real reason for the TFV idea is to satisfy the states of true and fair in the money related reports and accounting reports of the organizations. The writers additionally express that, the other motivation behind TFV idea is to kill the blunders and misquotes that may happen in the money related explanations, record books, and review reports of the organizations. In addition, it means to build up a useful connection between interior bookkeeping and outer bookkeeping to see all the real angles identified with bookkeeping and back in an exact way(Vyas, Ambadka, Bhargava, 2015). Overall, the recorded reason for TFV idea is to epitomize a real and fair in the budgetary reports; and furthermore to look after exactness, clearness, and de pendability in the monetary explanations and in addition accounting reports of the business associations. On the other hand, Kilgore, Leahy, Mitchell (1999) express that, the TFV idea is a lively idea that has definitive judgments of the judges. It is a piece of English law. The creators attest that it started from the proper accounting rules. The reason for the TFV idea is to verify that the money related reports and additionally budgetary articulations arranged by the business firms can satisfy every one of the necessities and states of the worldwide bookkeeping measures. In addition, it means to show a real and fair view in the bookkeeping works on, bookkeeping capacities, record books, back and review report of the organizations (Kilgore, Leahy, Mitchell, 1999). Thusly, the diverse conclusions of the distinctive creators make it a piece of the Companies demonstration. Additionally, to show straightforwardness and precision in the budgetary and evaluating rehearses, monetary reports, and money related explanations taxi be viewed as a noteworthy recorded reason for the TFV idea. 2.Degree to Which the Australian Regulatory Environment for Financial Reporting Supports the Concept of TFV Presently, the concept of TFV has been executed by the greater part of the countries. In any case, the reception and execution of the concept of TFV is as yet a noteworthy subject of challenge in a large portion of the countries. Business associations don't such a great amount of concentrate on the idea of TFV. It is a direct result of it doesn't have any official definitions and also arrangements in the constitution. In any case, the other actuality is that, at present circumstances, the TFV idea is acknowledged by the vast majority of the business associations. They trust that it has lawful sentiments and judgments and; along these lines it is a piece of enactment. Alongside this, the TFV is a vital piece of the IFRS (International Financial Accounting Standards) and GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). In perspective of that, it has turned into a vital bookkeeping standard. In this way, the notoriety of the TFV concept is expanding on the standard premise. Along with this, in the expressions of Cook (1999), the concept of TFV is not a subject of conversation. It is a general term that is utilized by the general population in their everyday life frequently. With regards to Australia, the TFV idea can be viewed as a required bookkeeping standard so as to enhance the straightforwardness and precision of the money related articulations and in addition monetary records of the business companies. Alongside this, the Australian administrative for money related detailing offers help to TFV concept inside country. The fundamental purpose for it is that the TFV idea came in subsistence with the continuation of the Victorian Companies Act 1890(Cook, 1997). In addition, as per the FRC (Financial Reporting Council), the Australian business affiliations are constrained to portray real and actual photo of the budgetary explanations of the business affiliations. In addition to this, as indicated by Nobes Parker (1991), as of late, the acknowledgment of the TFV idea is expanding in the Australian business organizations. The Australian administrative is offering help to the concept of TFV; so they the enterprises may satisfy their money related commitments in a suitable way. Moreover, the Australian Securities Commission (ASC) asserts that the idea of TFV is an essential part of the Australian budgetary detailing and additionally reviewing. The concept of TFV is a principal part of the Corporations Act. As indicated by the Corporations Act (Section 297), the business companies are obliged to assemble real and actual money related articulations; and to show exactness in the monetary proclamations of the organizations (Nobes Parker, 1991). In addition, as expressed in the segment 297, the Australian administrative condition for money related announcing gives rules to business affiliations; so they may portray a real and fair view in the budget ary and review reports of the associations. On the other hand, in the expressions of Omorogbe (2009), the Australian administrative condition for money related revealing is strict about the appropriation and execution of bookkeeping norms in the bookkeeping practices of the organizations. It concentrates on the TFV concept as bookkeeping standard. As indicated by the Australian administrative condition, the TFV idea is a component of the IFRS and UK GAAP. As a bookkeeping standard, the concept of TFV is able to satisfy the basis that is dictated by the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) (Omorogbe, 2009). Alongside this, the Australian administrative recognizes the TFV idea from three viewpoints. The first is that it is a propelled bookkeeping standard. The second is that the TFV idea performs as per GAAP. In addition, the third one is that it is helpful to anticipate conflicting prospects that enactments of countries don't cover. In perspective of that, the TFV idea turns into a legitimate idea according to busine ss associations. Then again, McGee (1991) expresses that, the Australian administrative condition for money related announcing offer support to the idea of TFV. As indicated by the administrative specialist, the business associations are lawfully obliged to demonstrate a real and actual view in their budgetary reports to satisfy the general purposes identified with the field of bookkeeping. Alongside this, the TFV idea is everlasting; and changes in the bookkeeping structure don't influence the TFV concept in a negative way. It is a key some portion of the IFRS and additionally GAAP. At the end of the day, it likewise can be said that, the TFV idea is especially like the bookkeeping benchmarks. In addition, the Australian administrative condition considered the TFV idea as a principal necessity of Australian corporate detailing(McGee, 1991). The Australian business firms are obliged to demonstrate a real and actual view about the money related execution and also position of the organizations. The Aus tralian administrative condition is completely in the support of the real and actual view to enhance the straightforwardness and additionally honesty in the budgetary proclamations and back and review reports of the organizations.Aside from this, in the perspectives of Salihin, Fatima, Ousama (2015), the concept of TFV is not another idea for the Australian associations. It has been in the organizations' enactment from the time when the Victorian Companies Act of 1890. This thing demonstrates that the Australian administrative is offering help to the idea of TFV since eighteenth century. Alongside this, under the area 296, the Corporations Act 2001 makes the TFV idea compulsory for the business affiliations. The statutory arrangements of the Corporations Act 2001 avow that the TFV idea supersedes the material blunders and in addition errors to enhance the exactness of the budgetary articulations of the business associations in a solid and a critical way (Salihin, Fatima, Ousama, 2 015). In perspective of that, one might say that, the idea of TFV is a prominent idea in the territory of budgetary revealing. It assumes a critical part to enhance the productivity of the money related articulations and accounting reports of the organizations. As a result, the Australian administrative condition for money related announcing completely backings to the idea of TFV. Conclusion On the premise of the above investigation, it can be reasoned that, the concept of TFV has been started in the eighteen century. The TFV idea does not have legitimate definition. Be that as it may, it is prominent in everywhere throughout the world. Alongside this, it is likewise watched that, the chronicled reason for the TFV idea is to diminish blunders and to enhance the exactness of the money related explanations of the associations. In addition, it is like bookkeeping standard. In perspective of that, the Australian administrative condition for monetary detailing is totally in the support of the genuine and reasonable view effectively. Bibliography Chambers, R. J., Wolnizer, P. W. (1991). A true and fair view of position and results: the historical background. Accounting, Business Financial History , 1 (2), 197-214. Cook, A. (1997). Requirement for a true and fair viewa UK standard-setter's perspective. European Accounting Review , 6 (4), 693-704. Kilgore, A., Leahy, S., Mitchell, G. (1999). The true and fair view concept: evidence from Australia. Asian Review of Accounting , 7 (1), 96-111. McGee, A. (1991). The true and fair viewdebate: a study in the legal regulation of accounting. The modern law review , 54 (6), 874-888. Nobes, C. W., Parker, R. H. (1991). True and Fair: a survey of UK financial directors. Journal of Business Finance Accounting , 18 (3), 359-375. Omorogbe, C. E. (2009). RE-EXAMINATION OF A TRUE AND FAIR VIEW OPINION IN THE MIDST OF PECUNIARY CRISIS FOR INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT , 7 (2). Salihin, A., Fatima, A., Ousama, A. (2015). Analysis of the true and fair view concept: an Islamic perspective. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting , 7 (1), 38-61. Vyas, A. H., Ambadka, R., Bhargava, J. (2015). True and Fair View-A Fact or Illusion in the World of Creative Accounting. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research , 3 (3), 572-575.

20 Finance Research Project Topics on Real Estate

20 Finance Research Project Topics on Real Estate If a Google search brings you to the page which you are currently reading - this page - then it means you are either having some difficulties coming up with finance research topics in the real estate industry for your academic or corporate project. And if that is definitely the case, then you have just found a gold mine for this was written just for you. Today’s article is the second part in the series of articles discussing finance in the real estate sector and the important role having some financial backing plays for both parties who take part in making the sector grow. In the article preceding this, some important facts covering the subject of finance and real estate were outlined to help project writers discuss intelligently on the topic. This follow-up will not only provide 20 topics but will also include a sample research project that expatriates on one of the provided topics to serve as a sample for anyone confused on how to proceed with his or her project. Lastly, a set of guidelines on understanding time management and its importance when writing or handling a research project will be provided to help you efficiently create something brilliant that will guarantee you earn top marks. So shall we begin? The Importance of Finance to the Real Estate Industry The Impact of a Fluctuating Economy on the Real Estate Industry The 2007 Economic Recession and Its Effect on Real Estate Sources of Real Estate Finance and Their Impact on Society Real Estate Investment and the Role of Commercial Banks Real Estate Investment and the Impact of Credit Unions Problems of Financing Real Estate in the United States Corporate Loans and Commercial Real Estate Financing Analysing the Challenges and Prospects in Real Estate Investing Fundamentals of Real Estate Financing Models Disentangling the Geography of Finance and Real Estate Real Estate Finance and Investment Fundamentals How the Mortgage Constant Works in Real Estate Finance Real Estate Finance Investments Risks and Opportunities Real Estate Equity and Debt Financing The Role of Banks, Equity Markets, and Institutional Investors in Developing Real Estate Policy Framework for Building Sustainable Real Estate Markets Real Estate Market Developments the Financial Sector Protecting Value in Real Estate: Managing Investment Risks The Language of Commercial Real Estate Finance Choosing a finance research project topic in real estate has never been made easier than this for here are 20 excellent topics you can consider using or modifying for your own project. These topics are quite easy to work on due to the large amount of research materials out there covering each and every outlined topic. As stated earlier, more help is on the way in getting you started on writing your own project and this will be in the form of a sample research project which takes its direction from one of the topics provided on the list. Sample Essay: The Impact of a Fluctuating Economy on the Real Estate Industry The real estate sector is one that plays an important role in the quality of life experienced in a country and this is why governments all around the world ensure that policies are put in place to help its citizens secure real estate for both commercial and residential buildings within legal frameworks. My research paper will focus on exploring the impact of a nation’s economy on its real estate sector, using facts and figures to show that fluctuations in any economy will affect the pricing and cost of owning a home in the affected society. The real estate sector has always been responsible for a considerable amount of a nation’s GDP and in China, statistics show that an increase in the pricing of real estate structures and lands led to an increase in the reported GDP in that time period. These studies which were conducted in 2009, showed that due to a growth in China’s economy, expenditure from its real estate sector accounted for 7.5% of its GDP- up from 3.5% in 1997- which inevitably led to an increase in the pricing of its real estate assets by approximately 16% between the years 1997 to 2009. Also, in the United States, the great recession which occurred between the year 2007 to 2009 saw a 5% drop of the US GDP and this led to a corresponding loss in the value of real estate assets in the US by approximately 20 to 50% across board. The great recession not only led to a loss of real estate value but massive foreclosures due to inability to re-pay loans occurred across the country. And by 2009, the foreclosure problem was so bad that the US witnessed more foreclosures than marriages through the year. The banking sector- which is the financial backbone of the real estate sector- also follows the fluctuation trend outlined above. Studies show that during a time of economic growth, commercial banks look favourably on extending loan facilities to aid real estate purchases while in times of recession, the opposite occurs. An apt example was the availability of 100% loan facilities made available for buyers during the economic boom of the 90’s and the gloom that followed after during the 2007 recession. This trend is the one that continued for generations and does not look like it’s going to stop anytime soon. Thereby proving that the status of a nation’s economy influences its real estate industry in direct proportion and a strong economy will give birth to a solid real estate sector just as a weak economy will negatively affect the value of real estate assets during the same duration. Due to the fact that the primary lenders - banks - of money to the real estate industry as well as unemployment rates and job cuts reflect negatively on a nation’s GDP and this trickles down across all industries including the real estate sector. Here we come to the end of the 2nd article in our series on research project topics on the subject of finance in real estate. We hope this article provided some answers to your questions and for more clarification on writing a project, do not hesitate to read the third article in the proposed series as well as our initial piece 10 facts on finance research. References: Baker, H Peter, C. (2012). Public Real Estate Markets and Investments, 170-175. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=ltf1AwAAQBAJpg=PA175lpg=PA175dq=real+estate+finance+and+investments+pdfsource=blots=K_z9ncTJersig=WeBvUdBfGLnKwi2rvVwRrX3ILxohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi0jdq405nOAhVpCsAKHTaXCho4ChDoAQhIMAY#v=onepageq=real%20estate%20finance%20and%20investments%20pdff=false Tracey, S. (2007). Introduction to Real Estate Finance and Investment. http://classic.marshall.usc.edu/assets/031/8122.pdf Wang, K. (2007). The Interaction between Real Estate and National Economy. Coulson, E. Kim, S. (2000). Residential investment, non-residential investment and GDP. Real Estate Economics, 28(2). Geng, X. Xie, C. (2006). Research of relationship between Chinas real estate investment and the national economy. National Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Chinas fixed asset investment statistics Code. Beijing: China Statistics Press. Emoh, I. Nwachukwu, C.   (2011). Critical Issues In Real Estate Finance as an Index in Building Construction Project Management Success in Nigeria

Free Essays on Homeless

In the article, â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy,† from the book, Rachel and Her Children, which was published in 1988, Jonathan Kozol challenges the widely accepted claim that homelessness is a result of deinstitutionalization that took place in the 1970s. Jonathan states that â€Å"those who work among the homeless† believe the principal cause of homelessness is economic, due to the shortage of low income housing, and wages to lease them. They cite decreasing welfare benefits to families with children, and the lack of entry-level jobs to justify their claim. Jonathan further explains that every year low income housing units are being converted to condominiums and office buildings, an effect of the â€Å"accelerated gentrification of our major cities,† while the families in the remaining units are being charged more rent, forcing many into the streets. He indicates the results of a study published by the Massachusetts Medical Society, that mental illness only ac counts for 12% of the illnesses among the homeless, excluding alcohol and drug abuse. He believes that mental illness in the United States bears a â€Å"stigma,† that society assumes the homeless are mentally ill because it is easier for us to blame the problem on an uncontrollable mental illness then to accept responsibility and try to help, and we do not want to feel guilty for renting or purchasing those newly renovated condominiums. Jonathan argues that mental illness does not make people homeless that being homeless make people mentally ill. He gives an example of a woman protesting the eviction from her home, on a Manhattan traffic island who was ridiculed as a â€Å"paranoid in the street,† by a reporter, who lacked any psychiatric training, and yet no one offered to help her. Jonathan thinks that we are too hesitant to judge, he points out that some psychiatrists believe that not showing anger, after being evicted, would be a greater illness. He concludes t hat politicians... Free Essays on Homeless Free Essays on Homeless In the article, â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy,† from the book, Rachel and Her Children, which was published in 1988, Jonathan Kozol challenges the widely accepted claim that homelessness is a result of deinstitutionalization that took place in the 1970s. Jonathan states that â€Å"those who work among the homeless† believe the principal cause of homelessness is economic, due to the shortage of low income housing, and wages to lease them. They cite decreasing welfare benefits to families with children, and the lack of entry-level jobs to justify their claim. Jonathan further explains that every year low income housing units are being converted to condominiums and office buildings, an effect of the â€Å"accelerated gentrification of our major cities,† while the families in the remaining units are being charged more rent, forcing many into the streets. He indicates the results of a study published by the Massachusetts Medical Society, that mental illness only ac counts for 12% of the illnesses among the homeless, excluding alcohol and drug abuse. He believes that mental illness in the United States bears a â€Å"stigma,† that society assumes the homeless are mentally ill because it is easier for us to blame the problem on an uncontrollable mental illness then to accept responsibility and try to help, and we do not want to feel guilty for renting or purchasing those newly renovated condominiums. Jonathan argues that mental illness does not make people homeless that being homeless make people mentally ill. He gives an example of a woman protesting the eviction from her home, on a Manhattan traffic island who was ridiculed as a â€Å"paranoid in the street,† by a reporter, who lacked any psychiatric training, and yet no one offered to help her. Jonathan thinks that we are too hesitant to judge, he points out that some psychiatrists believe that not showing anger, after being evicted, would be a greater illness. He concludes t hat politicians...

Legal Brief Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Brief - Case Study Example The verdict in this case, is to determine whether it is illegal to advertise through commercial emails using multiple domain names to avoid spam filter (Supreme Court of California). Internet is global networkings in computers, which enable millions of world populace to communicate and access information. Referring to a case on Reno v. civil liberties union (1997) 521 U.S. 844 for internet to operate, each connected entity must have a unique identity called IPA. However, because it is a bit difficult to recall IP addresses, internet community came up with domain names system to serve the same purpose. The domain names directly identify the individual or the organization (Supreme Court of California). In 2007, Craig E. kleffman filed a suit against Vonage holdings corp. in the District Court under section 17529.5 of Professions Code only to loss to Vonage (Supreme Court of California). Kleffman claimed that Vonage holdings had sent him eleven emails on the same subject from different domain names tracing back to Vonage marketing agent. By doing this, Vonage managed to trick the spam filter and internet service provider that was responsible for monitoring the number of sent emails from individual domain name. He concluded that Vonage deliberately created multiple domain names to reduce the number of emails from each domain name and at the same time tricked the internet service providers that the emails originated from different senders. Vonage use of several domain names is misleading and untrue because it does not identify the right sender. However, the case was dismissed because kleffman did not give any occurrence of misleading or false information in the content of any of the emails. Kleffman however, appealed to the court of apples, which under the California rule of court 8.548 the ninth Circuit, asked them to decide. â€Å"In accordance to section 17529.5(A)

Family Food Menu Simulation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Food Menu Simulation - Assignment Example It is therefore important to note that this is a better that can help in the making of the life better by reducing the individual’s spending habits in a family and thereby making life to seem less costly (Hatmut, 2007). Another important point that cannot go without highlighting is that this paper delves on the people or families that are living in the poverty threshold. Family threshold can be defined as the minimum and the lowest level of income that is considered in a given economy. This is the lowest wage rate that is paid in a given economy and so the paper discusses how these families that are falling in this category can manage to survive and make ends meet in their normal life situation and also how they can eat healthy meals that are also nutritious for the better of their health. This paper has therefore provided reliable information concerning this and has even provided a menu that such families can use for the whole week to eat healthy meals (Hatmut, 2007). In the selection of the family profile, the profile that will be appropriate for the discussion in the paper is a profile that has four people. In this profile, it is important to highlight that the make up for the family is that there is one male, one female and two children. It is also important to highlight that the ages are that the adults, that is the male and the female are at the ages of 20 to 50 years and that the children are at the ages of 8 years and 15 years of ages. It is quite important to note that in nutrition concept, there is need for the consumers to determine their meals of consumption based on the age. This is so because of the differences in the rates of the body metabolism that they undergo in the living (Hatmut, 2007). Age is a vital factor that should always be put into consideration before the preparation of any menu for the family. It is also important to note that besides the age factor, it is also important to note that

Distributive Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributive Justice - Term Paper Example The benefits are obvious in that everyone potentially has the same chance and ability as a result of the use of distributive justice. The drawbacks are also clear however, in that this approach means that the individual’s property may not in fact be theirs, which can lead one to potentially question the idea of the individual’s right to own property in the United States today. Robert Nozick would argue that while there is a place for government that place should not extend to property. He promoted the idea that the majority cannot take from the minority unless they agree to it. Justice was outlined with three principles by Nozick, the principle of justice in acquisition, principle of justice in transfer and principle of the rectification of injustice. These principles were all sound, and when presented with a set amount of property and an increasing population the principle of transfer becomes important. Each individual may share what they have however; none of the indi viduals can be forced by the governing body to do so. Each individual can purchase property or trade for property from another but no individual can be forced to do so. Nozick stated, â€Å"The principle of distribution in accordance with moral merit is a patterned historical principle, which specifies a patterned distribution† (156). With less government intervention as he sees it is possible to see some parts of society have more property than another, however, if everyone is working to provide for and purchase property with the intent of generating either personal gain or simply a stable life for one’s family unit than these patterns as Nozick says would adjust themselves based on need and the natural tendency of society as an entity’s to grow and change. The principle of justice in acquisition was directly connected to the principle of justice in transfer for Nozick. He saw that some people steal, defraud, enslave, seize and utilize force to exclude others f rom competing. It was his idea that none of these were beneficial or right. However, contrary to his approach and views regarding the right or wrongness of these others actions he still supported the use of state based decision making with regards to what is fair or not. He wrote, "Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to be of greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society." And yet he also believed that stealing, defrauding, enslaving and more were wrong. If we use a distributive approach as he would have us do we are in fact ensuring that the less fortunate will gain much needed items, however, we are also ensuring that the state is made to forcibly or through the threat of force take from others to supply this. While the idea of distributive justice is a fair minded one it is a difficult approach to rectify when attempting to prevent civil crimes or crimes against the individual. We see by looking at Nozicks approach that it is impossi ble to promote absolute equality without taking from someone which in turn immediately discards the idea of equality. While the balance has been accomplished with product and property there will now be impropriety within the system of law which translates to inequality within the law. This approach would in effect cause the state to be a criminal simply by its

Low employee satisfaction in Air Arabia

Low employee satisfaction in Air Arabia Air Arabia was launched in 2005 as one of the initiatives in low cost carriers segment in Middle East. Over the period of time it was able to build up a remarkable company name in the market along with a firm financial record of its own. After introducing problems related to Political, Social, Environmental and Technological (PEST) aspects of Air Arabia, this part concentrates on analyzing these problems with the help of basic organizational behavior theories. The report is divided in four sections, each one for Political, Social, Environmental and Technological aspects. In each section, OB concern of the problem followed by the problem from the case and the explanation is mentioned. People: Problem Statement: In previous section we discovered a problem that employees in Air Arabia were not satisfied with the low financial benefits provided against their high performance. Problem Highlight: Performance based Incentives Performance based incentives: This is a problem of pay for performance scheme. In pay for performance or say performance based incentive system, employees are rewarded in accordance to their performance. Now the problem is that employees can never be satisfied with the outcome of this particular form of reward system. This can be understood by Equity theory. Equity theory states that employees use to compare their position (here rewards) with those of other employees. So even an organization remain transparent in distributing incentives, until unless the employees themselves become satisfied in light of equity theory, the problem like the incentive problem in pay for performance scheme in Air Arabia remain standing.  [1]   Problem Statement: One of the major problems associated with employees is that company is not able to provide them with long term commitment regarding their performance appraisal and work effectiveness bonus. Problem Highlight: Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal: Performance appraisal is the measure of evaluating the performance of the employees. In air Arabia, the performance appraisal system presently in use incorporates the number of task and time limit of those task accomplished by the employees are recorded  [2]  . This forms the basis of the performance appraisal scheme in the company. (Performance-related pay, 2005) Now the problem in this scheme is that this does not count the quality and situation under which work is carried out. For example, in Air Arabia, the performance scheme is same for sales and administrative staff. Now administrative staff has clear work functions to follow whereas sales staff has to undergo filed work which is more challenging. The targets for sales staff are tougher to achieve than those of administrative staff. Thus the performance appraisal scheme in Air Arabia is not satisfactory and requires other schemes like 360 degree scheme etc  [3]  . Problem Statement: The case shows that Air Arabia exhibits problem of workforce management due to workforce diversity. Problem Highlight: Diversity Diversity: Leaders and managers in Air Arabia do not handle the workforce diversity effectively. In their effort to manage the diversity, they go with equal treatment strategy. In this strategy, each of the employees is treated equally irrespective of its cast, color, race and language they speak. This looks quite fair in first look but the approach is not helpful in country like Dubai. The country has people of different religion and cast, speaking different languages and has different educational schemes and mental aptitude  [4]  . Now the problem is some particular type of employees are always advantageous of this equality approach. For example, the work force of India is more fluent in English than the natives of UAE. UAE culture gives emphasis on Urdu and not English. Now because of low proficiency in English and the equality approach in diversity management, UAE natives are mostly under-rated than few foreign classes of employee. This introduces a sense of dissatisfaction and un-happi ness towards the job. Problem Statement: employees of Lufthansa Air went on strike to improve their working conditions. Problem Highlight: Work Environment Work environment: Work environment is a major constituent of an effective organizational culture. The work environment not only constitutes the physical constituents of the location but also the culture of the work like senior-subordinate relations, type of communication etc  [5]  . The situation here shows that the employees of Lufthansa Air are not satisfied with the work environment and went on strike. The actual reason for the dissatisfaction was companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s pressure to work more than the required 8 hours to answer the increasing competition in aviation industry. This decision was not welcomed by the staff as it resulted in more hastiness in job and thus resulted in improper work conditions in the company. (Listening, the Doorway to Employee Commitment, 2005) Environment: Problem statement: Air Arabia had to reduce some of its other expenses like HR expenditure and to make it possible it has reduced intake of employees that had increased work pressure over presently working employees tremendously. Problem Highlight: Work Environment and Employee Shortage Work environment and employee shortage: The problem here is of bad work environment due to excessive work load because of lesser number of employees. The problem was resulted due to high oil prices which forced the company to shrink the workforce. This shrinkage resulted in high pressure on present work culture and thus decreased efficiency of work environment. Problem Statement: High operational cost which is internal factor of employee malfunctioning causing external effect over organization. Problem Highlight: Employee Inefficiency and Lack of Motivation Employee inefficiency: Lack of motivation The employees in Air Arabia were found to be less efficient and thus the company was compiled to increase its fare to sustain pressure of increasing oil prices  [6]  . The main cause of this problem can be lack of motivation in the employees towards the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s growth. If the employees would have been more motivated, they could have been more efficient and thus the problem of price hike because of high operational cost could have been prevented. This is a clear case of less motivated work force. (Listening, the Doorway to Employee Commitment, 2005) Problem Statement: Most of its employees have to work under pressure basically for the sustainability of the organization which has raised the level of employee dissatisfaction in the company Problem Highlight: Employee Dissatisfaction Employee dissatisfaction: There are a number of competitors of Air Arabia in low cost aviation industry which forces employees to work harder with limited resources. This results in greater employee dissatisfaction towards the workplace and more employee turnover rate. Technology: Problem statement: But all these technical advancements have an upper limit beyond which it cannot be stretched, and at that point employee performance comes into picture and has to be taken to its best possible level. Problem Highlight: Employee Training Employee training: The problem here is that when new technology is introduced in the company to cut operational expenses, the work and expectation from the employees also changes a lot. So there is a clear need to employee training. Employees are needed to be trained at new technology so that they are able to be a part of companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cost cutting scheme. Employee training is a necessary part of any organization which needs to be happen periodically  [7]  . Structure: Problem Statement: as employee commitment is an important issue and it cannot be handled by the organization without proper structuring and it is also one of the important issues faced by Air Arabia Problem Highlight: Leadership Leadership: In the case, we found that employees are not committed to the organization. This is the responsibility of the leader to keep the faith of the employees in the organization. Thus the company needs its leaders to take more active role. The leaders in the company need to motivate the employees and to maintain the commitment of the employees in the company. The structuring component in this problem is more of a requirement of a leader  [8]  . Problem Statement: Upper management is facing a problem to retain its entire structure which is similar to the case of Lufthansa Airways. There may be a need for an improved format of organizational behavior needed in this regard that can be provided with the help of proper training Problem Highlight: Training Training: The problem here is that due to the high instability of labor market in airline industry, the company is unable to maintain its talent pool which again is introducing instability in its organizational structure. This instability is supposed to be handled by reducing job turnover rate by more motivational training to its employees  [9]  .

Mythical American Dream Challenged in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesm

Mythical American Dream Challenged in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman challenges the American dream. Before the Depression, an optimistic America offered the alluring promise of success and riches. Willy Loman suffers from his disenchantment with the American dream, for it fails him and his son. In some ways, Willy and Biff seem trapped in a transitional period of American history. Willy, now sixty-three, carried out a large part of his career during the Depression and World War II. The promise of success that entranced him in the optimistic 1920's was broken by the harsh economic realities of the 1930's. The unprecedented prosperity of the 1950's remained far in the future. Willy Loman represents a uniquely American figure: the traveling salesman. Every week, he takes a journey to stake his bid for success. It would be difficult to miss the survival of the American frontier mentality in the figure of the traveling salesman. The idea of the American dream was heavily influenced by the rush for gold and land in the nineteenth-century American West. It is no coincidence that in the 1950's, the decade most preoccupied with the mythical American dream, America experienced an unprecedented love affair with Westerns. Willy and Linda try to build their own version of the American dream with their family. In high school, Biff was the all-American boy as the captain of the football team. True to the myth of the all-American boy, girls and admiring friends surrounded him. Willy and Linda's lives are full of monthly payments on possessions that symbolize that dream: a car, a home, and household appliances. The proliferation of monthly payments allowed families with modest incomes to h... ...une promised by the American dream. He cannot admit doubt or insecurity because a good salesman always remains confident, and the American dream promises success to the confident, eager individual. Death of a Salesman addresses Willy's struggle to maintain his identity in the face of narrowing hopes that he or his sons will ever fulfill his dreams. Works Cited Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Florio, Thomas A., ed. â€Å"Miller’s Tales.† The New Yorker.   70 (1994): 35-36. Miller, Arthur.   The Archbishop’s Ceiling/The American Clock. New York: Grove Press, 1989. ---.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965. ---.   Eight Plays.   New York:   Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

Critical Analysis of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of Nigeria 2007

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY ACT OF NIGERIA 2007: AN OVERVIEW BEING ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED ON PUBLIC FINANCE (BKF 624) (FIRST SEMESTER COURSE WORK) BY ALAJEKWU UDOKA BERNARD 2008 162 001 MSc PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ANAMBRA STATE UNIVERSITY LECTURER: DR. EZEABASILI V. N. OCTOBER, 2009 Page 1 of 19 ABSTRACT Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 was designed to regulate and supervise the fiscal activities of public office holders in the country.This paper critically analyses the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the Act; the machinery for implementation; the powers and tenor of the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Board; the appointment of members of the Board; Fiscal policy/activity uniformity in/among the various tiers of government; the fiscal control on borrowing; the key features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the consequences of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the pr otection of officeholders, among others.The paper hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. The paper then concluded that the FRA provided the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till and then made some recommendations for improvement. Page 2 of 19 Introduction Following the incessant misappropriation, mismanagement, and lack of stewardship and accountability in the nation’s public sector, the Fiscal Responsibility Bill was proposed for consideration by the President Obasanjo administration through the then Minister of Finance – Prof.Okonjo-Iwuala N. The Bill was passed into law in 2007 as the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2007. The Fiscal Responsibility Act provides for a body known as the Fiscal Management Council that comprises the Fiscal Responsibility Council and the Governing Board. The Council is charged with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Act to ensure accountability, transparency and prudence in the management of the nation’s resources by all tiers of government, government corporations or companies and agencies. Therefore, the Fiscal Responsibility Council is the regulatory and supervisory body in the public sector.By this Act, it is expected that the Public Sector would have a definite regulatory structure to act as watch dog on the activities of the public office holders and as checks on financial encroachment between/among tiers of government. This is expected to bring sanity and responsiveness into the public sector and among the various tiers of government in Nigeria. The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) is a law to â€Å"redirect government at all levels to imbibe a fiscal behaviour that will promote prudence and sound financial management in the system† (http://www. udgetmonitoring. org/ Page 3 of 19 Spotlights/2007/02/26/News 11618/). The Fiscal Responsibility Act seeks to ensure that the Federal Government will never commit itself to spending money without ensuring that it has the necessary funds in place to begin with (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). Afemikhe, (2005:6), fingered the poor performance of the public sector despite abundance of mineral resources in the country and blamed all on corruption and mismanagement.Posited thus: â€Å"how is it that a country with abundant human and natural resources, that held so much promise at independence and was trumpeted with significant economic achievements in the decade following the oil boom has so rapidly fallen from grace to grass and indeed appears to have completely lost its way and its focus? The answer lies in the twin evils of corruption and poor public expenditure management†. Afemikhe was not alone in accusing Nigeria of poor management, Africafront. om/news also decried our polity thus: â€Å"our fiscal policies have been largely characterised b y poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. We have rarely failed to match our fiscal responsibility acts with the right policies thereby making effective and efficient service delivery impossible†. The site maintained that the FRA is a fundamental action to attack fiscal inconsistency and indiscipline from the head to the root. It is noted that the Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) â€Å"†¦ aims to ensure fiscal accountability, check corruption, monitor the budget processes and call Page 4 of 19 ublic officials to order†¦ ; it does not appear that there is one final act that should hopefully put the final nail on financial rascality in government (http://www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights/2007/02/26/ News11618/). Nwanma, Vincent, (2007) was of similar view when he asserted that â€Å"no-one expects that it (FRA) will end high-level corruption at a stroke†. According to then Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (2007), Eze Echesie, â€Å"I donâ €™t think any single law can stem or stop fiscal rascality but we have tried to ensure the elements of consensus building in this bill†.Nath Nwabueze, a lecturer in finance at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri warned that the Fiscal Responsibility Act would not cure Nigeria’s problems of high-level corruption and poor budget planning unless it was properly enforced (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). At worst, the Act will â€Å"commit chief executives at all tiers of government to a set of efficient rules for economic management by providing set standards for the planning and control of public expenditure instead of leaving it to the whim of either the president or state governors.The Act will also facilitate parliamentary and public scrutiny of economic and monetary information and plans; bring a long-term focus to budgeting and thereby minimise risk and fluctuations in government monetary operations and policy (www. africafront. com/news). Page 5 of 19 Statement s of the Problem Nigerian fiscal policies have been largely characterised by poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. This they claim spring from corruption and poor financial management.The Fiscal Responsibility Act was enacted with the aim of checking these anomalies in the system. The extent to which the law can do this is not known, therefore, it becomes imperative to analyse the content of the law to ascertain its workability within the Nigerian context. Objectives of the Study The paper aimed critically analyse the contents of the Act in order the pinpoints its possible strongpoint and defects. It will also identify and appraise the basic features of the Act to ascertain its workability in the country.Machinery for Implementation The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) has its focal point as the prudent management of the nations resources anchored in accountability and transparency with the establishment of a Fiscal Responsibility Commission to ensure the promotion, imp lementation and enforcement of the Act. One good feature of the Act is that it â€Å"†¦ also have a mechanism through which it can be adequately enforced because our greatest problem in this country is not making laws but enforcing them† (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights). Page 6 of 19The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) they said is â€Å"the first time in the history of Nigeria where an enactment is accompanied with a body to enforce/implement such policy†¦ † (www. africafront. com/news). Therefore, the problem of constitutional battle as to who is responsible for enforcement as may be witnessed in some aspects of financial corruption cases where the EFCC and ICPC may have to be involved in one and/or similar cases. This clash may mar efficiency and at worst, the purpose of such law. This problem was avoided in the Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007.Powers and Tenor of the Members of the Fiscal Responsibility Commission A body corporate with perpetual succ ession was established and known as the Fiscal Responsibility Council. This body can sue and be sued in its name and is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act as well as promote the economic objectives contained in S. 16 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; see S. 1(1-3). The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council independence and immunity in the performance of its functions; see S. (2 & 3). The immunity might cause the members to indulge in ultravires acts and make them â€Å"untouchable† and â€Å"small gods† during their stay in office. Some officeholders may use them to witchhunt their enemies. Therefore, they will be more effective and fair in their judgements if they are answerable to their actions during their stay in office. Page 7 of 19 The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council powers to establish and maintain a fund for the purpose of defraying its expenditures including amount pa yable to the members of the Board of the Council.The major sources of fund for the council include budgetary allocation from the Federal Government, grants from others sources. The funding of the council is a mandatory obligation of the Federal Government; see S. 4(2) . Being that the Commission gets its funds from mandatory Federation Account Allocation; the presidency will have minimal influence on their actions; though the presidency appoints the Chairman (see S. 5) The Act states that the Chairman and members of the Board shall hold office for a single term of four (4) years; see S. 5(5).This may mar continuity since all the board members have to vacate office at the same time. S. 10 of the Act mandate the Board to prepare and submit an annual report containing its activities including all cases of contravention investigated during the preceding financial year, and shall include in the report a copy of its audited report and account for the preceding financial year. This section of the Act makes the body to be â€Å"forcefully† accountable and transparent to the public. This implies that any corrupt fiscal activity not uncovered before the end of a certain financial year under which such ncidence occur might make the public to view the body as corrupt in themselves and be probed. Therefore, for the sake Page 8 of 19 of personal reputation, the members of the board might want to be transparent in their dealings. Also, the Act requires the Board to submit an audited annual financial report to the National Assembly. This checks the Board’s financial excesses and may put them on track of financial transparency. This Act builds up a regulatory framework for the fiscal affairs of public office holder with the Fiscal Responsibility Council (FRC) as the regulator; see S. 7(5). But the Act did not give express powers the FRC to demand financial returns and to do onsite financial supervision on the financial affairs of the Federal, State and Local Gove rnments and their agencies and corporations. The body will be more effective and efficient if they could check financial affairs of public office holders in the manner the CBN, the NDIC and the SEC do to banks and other financial institutions and firms whose securities are traded on the floor of the .Stock Exchange Market. Appointment of Members of the Council The Act states the each zone of the federation shall produce one representative for the Board of the Commission. It gives the State Governors of each zone the prerogative of nominating the representative; see S. 5(2e). This Act did not state the quantification and social standing of this member. This may cause the nomination to be based on political rather than academic and Page 9 of 19 social factors.This is capable bringing in politicking into the nomination as some political office holders may want to use the position as a spy and protection against his/her anomalies in office during his/her tenor. Fiscal Uniformity The Act states that the States and Local Governments shall plan the management of their fiscal affairs within the medium-term framework as prepare by the Commission for the Federal Government; see S. 17 (1). They may modify the provisions of sections 11,12,13, 14, 15 and 16 as appropriate for them. Virginia Major in www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights posited that it is important that the Act apply to all levels of government equitably. The Act sets out a general framework for budgetary planning, execution and reporting that is applicable to all levels of government. It was expected that through consultation with states and councils, the Act will set general targets and limits for selected fiscal indicators for the country with specific sanctions for non-compliance. Also it aims at high transparency and reporting standards for all the levels of government (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights).In view of that the President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua immediate after singing the bill int o law commented thus: Page 10 of 19 †¦ â€Å"I have assented to the Fiscal Responsibility Bill after due consultation with the State Governments whose support and concurrence is critical to the successful nationwide implementation of the provisions of the law (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). The President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua further said that if the states governments in the federation pass equivalent laws it will tighten up their budgeting procedures at the state level.Therefore, for the Fiscal Responsibility Act to be effective, the reforms it introduces must also be adopted at state level. The Act religiously set out rules with the core objective of committing all tiers of government to a well-defined and structured economic regime which would ensure economic growth and maintain economic stability. Daily Independent (Lagos), (2009) reported that the apathy being displayed by many state government with respect to passing the Fiscal Responsibility and Public Procurement (FRP P) laws in their domains is both inexplicable and disgraceful.It said that for more than two years later – and despite the repeated urging of the Federal Government, civil society groups and well-meaning Nigerians – response by many states remains tepid and perfunctory. A report recently released by the Secretariat of the Governors’ Forum in Abuja indicates that only 11 states have so far passed the Fiscal Responsibility Page 11 of 19 Bill into law, while 12 have enacted the Public Procurement Law (Daily Independent, 2009).Both laws are designed to ensure prudent management of public resources and enthrone accountability and transparency in the conduct of government business by curbing corrupt behaviour. The states reported to have passed and signed both bills into law are Abia, Bauchi, Cross Rivers, Delta, Ebonyi, Gombe, Kaduna, Kogi, Ondo and Osun. Three states governors have not forwarded any of both bills to their houses of assembly for legislative work to c ommence on them. They are Akwa Ibom, Edo and Enugu states (Daily Independent, 2009).It may be noteworthy to state here that the Act will be more effective and efficient if all the tiers of governments could adopt and practice the contents of this Act. Fiscal Control on Borrowing S. 49 (1) states that any government in the Federation or its agencies and corporations desirous of borrowing shall, specify the purpose for which the borrowing is intended and present a cost-benefit analysis, detailing the economic and social benefits of the purpose to which the intended borrowing is to be applied.Nwanma, Vincent (2007) described this as â€Å"strict controls on government borrowing†. He said that this will make it more difficult for the Federal Government and the state government to borrow money at random in Page 12 of 19 order to plug unexpected gaps in funding. And it specifically bars government from borrowing money to fund routine items of recurrent expenditure such as staff sal aries. Henceforth, the federal and state governments will only be allowed to borrow money to fund new capital expenditure projects such as power stations and oil refineries and new human development projects.Furthermore, they will only be allowed to borrow on approved terms, laid down by the Fiscal Responsibility Act. These are designed to guarantee that all new government loans are contracted on competitive terms – at reasonable rates of interest and with excessive fees and commissions. The new law imposes conditions on new borrowing which are designed to ensure that any government agency contracting a loan will have the means to repay it. If all borrowings are tied to cost-benefit analysis, government projects will tend to be selected based on their contribution to economic development.This will aid the achievement of the (Vision 2020) of the President Yar Adua administration. Protection of Office Holders According to one time Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (in 2007 ), Eze Echesie, the Anambra state government opposes the bill (when it was proposed) on the grounds that it is against the principle of fiscal federalism Page 13 of 19 practiced in Nigeria. According to him, â€Å"the bill should be restricted to the national level, which is, planning and budgeting as they relate to the Federal Government. It should not cover the state†.He further added that the Association of Commissioners of Finance in Nigeria are opposed to the bill saying that: â€Å"We will end up sending commissioners of finance to jail – and we have said that we do not want to go to jail. He pointed out that a state governor makes all the financial decisions †¦ but while the governors enjoy immunity, the commissioners – who are the accounting officers and execute government policies – do not. † www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights The Act gives the President, State Governors, Local Government Council Chairman and the Members of the Boa rd immunity during their stay in office.But, the Minister of Finance and Commissioners of Finance at the state level are (and the treasurer at the Council level) not given immunity during their tenor. This they see as a flaw since the Minister, Commissioners of Finance and treasurer of the Local Government are responsibility and accountable for public revenues and spending. The Nigerian fiscal policy allows the presidency and state Governors to most times, spend monies without the approval of the Minister or Commissioner of Finance. Www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights noted that correcting the fiscal responsibility of the commissioners of finance will affect the efficacy of the laws at the state level. Page 14 of 19 Consequences of the FRA 1. Firstly, it should avoid a fresh build up of external and internal debt to the point where the Nigeria government can no longer meet its repayment obligations. The president (or through the Minister of Finance) on the advice of the Debt Manage ment Office is expected by the Act to set limits on borrowings for Federal, State and Local Governments with three months to the commencement of this Act; see S. 7 (1). This set limit forms the basis for external and/or internal borrowing by all tiers of government. Any government that does not meet this requirement cannot borrow more fund internally or externally; see S. 47 (7). 2. Secondly, it should improve the chances of government projects being funded and completed on schedule. The Act makes case for planned projects. It requires that projects be properly planned and budgeted for. This includes the cost-benefit analysis and time frame for completion of the project, which have to incorporate due process.This means that the office holder who initiates a project must state in objective term its success before ever embarking in it. (All men are answerable to projects they started whether still in the office or not). Key Features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act The Act provides fo r a comprehensive budgetary planning process derived from Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). This is a tool for Page 15 of 19 linking policy, planning and budgeting over the medium-term – usually three years – at a government wide level.An MTEF takes account of government’s long and medium term strategies and the resources available to meet objectives over a three year time span. It also allocates resources to strategic priorities among and within sectors and it commences with the preparation of a macroeconomic framework and guidelines. It equally ensures that annual revenues and expenditures estimates are consistent with its provisions, which requires that rules on cost, cost control and evaluation of results of programmes financed are observed.The MTEF will be updated annually to reflect policy and macroeconomic changes. The principal components of the MTEF are as follows: medium-term revenue framework; medium-term expenditure framework; fiscal strategy paper spelling out the fiscal strategy for the planning term; medium term sector strategies with projects and programmes linked to long and medium term plans, which will, in turn, feed into the annual budget ad submission of a comprehensive Appropriation Bill ensuring all parameters are abided by.Already the MTEF is being implemented at the federal level. The Act seeks to codify this comprehensive planning framework (Minister of Finance – Nenadi Usman). Page 16 of 19 Conclusion The Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 has provided a yardstick for financial prudence, accountability and transparency that might engender continued economic growth and development. It is the first law in the country to be backed up with a body for implementation. It is also designed to harmonise and encouraged economic planning and control mechanism.Planning we know is sine qua non to success, therefore, we may say that the beginning of constitutional, conscious, objective and harmonised economic planni ng through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework is a step toward sustainable economic development for the nation. The Act has put a strategized stop to excessive, unarticulated and uneconomical borrowing that most times ends in accumulated debts that drag the nation backward. The Act touches crucial areas in our political and economic life that incite and nurture corrupt practices. We can say that the Act is capable of abating corruption in the country.All in all, it is hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. As such, it will provide the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till. Page 17 of 19 Recommendations 1. The immunity given to the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Council should be removed. As a regulatory and supervisory body to the fiscal activities of public officeholders, they should operate as the CBN, NDIC and SEC who monitors the activities of banks and security markets respectively with office immunity. . There should be a permanent secretary for the Board who shall also be an employee of the Council. Since all the members of the Board are made to vacate office at the same time (capable of marring continuity), the secretary will act as a returning office as well as secretary of the Board. 3. The Act should make provision for express powers for offsite and onsite supervision of public officeholders. Page 18 of 19 References Afemikhe, S. O. (2005). Budget Implementation and Value for Money: The Due Process Experience. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.Daily Independent(Lagos), (2009). Nigeria: The Fiscal Responsibility Disgrace. 15 September. http://allafrica. com/comments/list/aans/post/id/20090915 0578. html. FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY BILL: RISING HOPES IN THE HORIZON http://www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights/2007/02/26/News11618/ http://www. africafront. com/news/136/group_urges_nigerain_gove rnment_to_en force_the_fra. html Nwanma, Vincent (2007). Fiscal Responsibility – Don’t Spend Money Unless You Have It. http://www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights/2007/12/13/ News12271/ Page 19 of 19

Essay on sociologyEssay Writing Service

Essay on sociologyEssay Writing Service Essay on sociology Essay on sociologyPart A. Family types in the U.S.: univariate analysisThis research is devoted to studying race and ethnic differences in family types and the role played by race-ethnic group poverty status in relation to these differences. One of important family characteristics is family type. In this research, three family types are considered: married couple family household, female headed family household with no husband/father present and male headed family household with no wife/mother   present.The total number of families in the census are 72,229,668. Table 1 contains the descriptive univariate statistics for family type variable. 76.8% of families belong to the type married couple family household and the remaining 23.2% of families are either male-headed or female-headed household. In general, it can be concluded that a predominant number of families (more than 3/4) are married couples.Part B. Race-ethnic differences in family type in the U.S.: bivariate analysisAnother important variable in this study is race-ethnic group, which is determined according to the self-identification of an individual, and can have the following values: Non-Latino White, Black, Latino, Asian and American Indian. Table 2 contains bivariate analysis of family type distribution by race-ethnic groups. The statistics for race-ethnic group is the following: there are 71,178,610 families total, 74.10% of them are identified as non-Latino Whites, 11.54% of them are Black, 3.41% are Asian, 10.17% are Latino and 0.79% are American Indian.Family type distribution notably varies across race-ethnic groups. The largest rates of married couples (as opposed to families headed by single parents) are among non-Latino Whites 82.6% and Asian 81.5%. The rate of married couples for Latino and American Indian families is significantly lower and constitutes 68.4% and 63.1% accordingly. The lowest percentage of married couples is among Black families only 47.1%.The statistics for race-ethni c groups pertaining to the rate of families headed by a single parent is inverse to that describing married couples: the rate of single-parent families is the highest for Black families 52.9%, is moderate for American Indian and Latino 36.9% and 31.5% accordingly, and is the lowest for Asian 18.5% and non-Latino Whites 17.4%.Part C. Family type and poverty status: bivariate analysesThird variable in this research is poverty status, which is identified by the family income and is classified into four categories: poor income below poverty threshold, near-poor family income within the boundaries of poverty threshold and 1.5*poverty threshold, middle family income between 1.5*poverty threshold and 5*poverty threshold, and comfortable family income above 5*poverty threshold.Table 3 illustrates bivariate analyses of the relationship between family type and poverty status. This table bases on the analysis of 72,229,689 households; 9.11% of them are classified as poor according to i ncome level, 7.05% have near poor income, 51.78% have middle income and 32.06% have comfortable level of income.The percent of married couples notably increases along with family income category: the highest rate of married couples is among families with comfortable income level 90.7% and the lowest is among poor families 41.0%. The rate of families headed by single parents has a strictly inverse relationship: the largest proportion of such families is among poor families 59% and the smallest rate of single parent families is among families with comfortable level of income only 9.3%.The pattern observed in table 3 is absolutely consistent with Zinns claim that proportion of married couple families increases among high socioeconomic status groups. There are significant differences in the rate of married couples among different socioeconomic status groups, and the highest the status of the group is, the higher the rate of married couples in this group is. The rates of married coup les for socioeconomic groups aligned by the increase of income level (poor, near poor, middle and comfortable) are 41.0%, 57.2%, 77.1% and 90.7% consequently; this sequence illustrates a distinct upward trend.One way in which socioeconomic status of a family can affect its likelihood of having a married couple is the lower probability of divorce among higher socioeconomic groups: financial stress and pressure belongs to one of the most significant stressors, and couples unaffected by this stress are likely to stay together for longer.Part D. Race-ethnicity and poverty status: bivariate analysesBesides considering the relation between socioeconomic status of families and the rate of married couples, it is important to analyze the distribution of poverty status for different race-ethnic groups. Table 4 contains bivariate analysis showing the distribution of poverty status across different race-ethnicity groups.The number of poor families is the smallest among non-Latino Whites (5.4%). One more race-ethnic group which has low number of poor families are Asian families (9.7% of poor families). The highest number of poor families is among American Indian families (21.8%) and Black families (21.5%). The rate of poor families among Latino families is also high 19.9%. Non-Latino Whites and Asian families also have the lowest rates of near poor families 5.2% and 7.2% accordingly, while the highest rate of near poor families is among Latino families 14.9%.The number of middle income families is comparable in all race-ethnic groups; it is slightly higher for non-Latino Whites and Latino families (52.1% and 52.8% accordingly) and is the lowest for Asian families 47.5%. As for families with comfortable income level, their rate is notably higher for non-Latino Whites (37.4%) and Asians (35.7%), and is the lowest among Latino families 12.5%.In general, it is possible to distinguish between non-Latino White and Asian race-ethnic groups which tend to have higher incomes a nd higher rates of married couples, and Black/Latino/American Indian race-ethnic groups which tend to have lower incomes and lower proportions of married couples (as it was shown in Table 3). Latino families are slightly better off, while Black and Indian American families are more vulnerable to poverty more than other race-ethnic groups. The patterns in Table 4 are similar to the relationship between the rate of married couples and race-ethnic group. Hence, hhe results shown in Table 4 support the claim that race-ethnic differences in socio-economic status might account for race-ethnic diversity in the proportion of married couples families.Part E. Married couple families in each race-ethnic group at different levels of poverty status: multivariate analysisIn order to assess whether the impact of poverty status is the only factor shaping race-ethnic differences in the proportion of married couples families, it is necessary to perform multivariate analysis of married couples rate an d race-ethnic group controlling for family status. Table 5 shows the results of this analysis.The data indicate that race-ethnic socioeconomic status is not the only factor affecting race-ethnic differences in family types. Indeed, if socioeconomic status was the sole factor determining race-ethnic differences in family types, there would be no significant differences among married couples rates for different race-ethnic groups with the same poverty level. However, there are very notable differences among the rates of married couples in different race-ethnic groups controlled by poverty. Among poor families, the highest percent of married couples is among Asian families (66.8%) and the lowest is among Black families (17.8%). A similar trend can be witnessed for other socioeconomic groups: among families with near poor income level, the highest rate of married couples is among Asian (75.3%) and the lowest is among Black families (36.9%). Among middle-income families, the highest rate of married couples belongs to non-Latino Whites (81.3%), closely followed by Asian (80.0%). The lowest rate of middle-income married couples is among Black families (53.9%). Among families with comfortable level of income, the rates are high for all race-ethnic groups, with the highest rate being among non-Latino Whites (92.1%), followed by Asians (88.7%), while the Black families still have the lowest rate of married couples (76.4%).The data clearly indicate that family income does influence the number of married couples, as the rate of married couples notably increases with the increase of socioeconomic status for all race-ethnic groups. At the same time, there are other social factors influencing the rate of married couples since there are significant differences between race-ethnic groups for the same family income level. In particular, it is possible to state that Asians are likely to have one of the highest rates of married couples regardless of their income level, while non- Latino White families are highly likely to live as married couples only for middle and comfortable income levels.Black families have considerably lower rates of married couples compared to other race-ethnic groups at all levels of family income. There might be multiple social causes of this alarming phenomenon. One of such causes might be the level of education among the members of Black families which might be lower compared to other groups. At the same time, education level is often related to income so it might be the consequence of the relationship between the rate of married couples and family income level. Another plausible cause of low rates of married couples among Black families might be the combination of two factors: high prison rates among Black men (which reduce the pool of potential partners for Black women) and the increasing percentage of interracial marriages between Black males and non-Black females (this trend also reduces the pool of potential husbands for Black women).Part F. Discussion and conclusionAccording to Maxine Baca Zinn, there exists such phenomenon as racial stratification. The differences in the patterns of reproductive and productive labor which have emerged historically have led to the differences in the social position and access to social resources between the representatives of different race-ethnic groups. These differences which are not directly attributable to race but largely to the functioning of social institutions and their historical legacy are referred to by Maxine Baca Zinn as racial stratification.Furthermore, the author states that racial stratification has a notable impact on families, and there emerges a significant link between race and family in the United States. Indeed, the author emphasizes that racial stratification leads to different social positioning of families, creates distinctive patterns in the locations of families. In addition to this, the structure of social opportunities and their accessibili ty vary for different race-ethnic groups, and therefore influence development and social integration of families.Maxine Baca Zinn also points out that the changes in racial composition of the society have a strong influence on family structure and on the development of family as a social institution. In particular, the author emphasizes Black families as an important social indicator of the general social processes, and states that many family behaviors which have emerged among middle-income families of non-Latino Whites were actually common for Black families for a long time, but were considered as deviant or improper earlier. Maxine Baca Zinn argues that family is changing as a social institution and shows that there is an important relationship between race and family in the United States. As racial composition of the society is changing, family institution will also respond with changes and transformations.The results of data analysis exercise are mostly consistent with Baca Zin ns argument about the relationship between racial stratification and family. In the short-term perspective, the assumptions of Maxine Baca Zinn are likely to be correct: there are notable differences in the rate of married couples among race-ethnic groups, and some of these differences are clearly related to socioeconomic position (which is, according to Baca Zinn, associated with race and ethnicity). Indeed, the patterns common for Black families seem to be significantly different from non-Latino Whites and Asian, with the patterns for American Indians and Latinos being in between the two extremes.At the same time, in order to assess whether the data support or refute Baca Zinns claims, it is necessary to explore the dynamics of changes in the rate of married families by race-ethnic group during a long-term period of time. Baca Zinn emphasizes that the changes of racial composition of the society lead to the changes in family status, and the most appropriate way to assess this woul d be to collected data for 10- or 20-year period. However, in the short-term perspective the findings of the data analysis largely support Baca Zinns claims.