The Importance Of Cell Phones And Driving - 1053 Words

Although cellphones have made telecommunication easier, there should be more strict regulations in cellphone user among students, and drivers. Over years, studies have revealed that there are certain statistics of the population, teenagers and adults, by a mass of number, regarding the use of cell phones that they are no more conscious of what is going on around them. â€Å"Studies found out that more than 90 percent of students admit to using their devices for non-class activities during class times.† During class hours, students are busy texting on their phones while the class is going on. This has led to lack of concentration towards students therefore leading to poor academic performance. Also, â€Å"Sexting†- the act of sending or receiving†¦show more content†¦A cellular phone is so addictive that if you happen to leave the house without it, you feel incomplete. According to Donna St. George, in her article written for the Washington post entitled,  "Study of teen cellphone use reinforces impression that theyre always using them,† she states that teens spend nearly nine hours on their phones on social media daily. George states, â€Å"The connection between American teen and thumb-tapping keypad is so strong that more than four of five adolescents say they have slept with their cellphone in or near their bed.† As teens get more and addicted to their phones, they feel lame without them. George also noted that most of these discussions that the children are having on their phones are negative, to the result that when it comes to face to face physical interactions i.e. job interviews, their lack of communication skills are already exposed. Randi Weingarten, president of United Federation of Teachers (UFT) in a 2006 court case, she says, â€Å"Cell phones are a lifeline for many parents and children. Indeed, one need look no further than the September 11 [2001] terrorist attacks, this months [October 2006] [Cory] Lidle plane tragedy1 or the Roosevelt Island tram incident [in which sixty-nine passengers were trapped for hours] to see their perceived importance in securing childrens safety† (Weingarten). However it’s also noted thatShow MoreRelatedBanning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide671 Words   |  3 Pagesusing cellphones while driving and convince the audience why it is essential to ban use of cellphones while driving should be mandatory nationwide C. Central idea: with increased use of technology and more specifically cellphones there are an increased number of accidents due to distraction because of the use of cellphones while driving. Therefore, the government should pass legislation to ban cell phone usage while driving nationwide I. Introduction Cell phones are as common in the marketRead MoreAccidents. Modern Life Today Made People Use Too Many Times1037 Words   |  5 Pageslaptops, cell phones, iPad, TV†¦ People started to have the cell phone addiction. They use it every time except sleeping. Having somebody use their phones while in traffic, that is one of important brings to accidents. Traffic accidents are an important problem need to find a way to cut it. When I think about distracted driving, I will think about the attention of drivers while driving, what did they do when they are driving cars? What caused of distracted driving? Did they focus on driving? ComparingRead MoreThe Banning Texting While Driving1463 Words   |  6 PagesMany states prohibit texting while driving. In fact, laws have been established that prevent drivers from using their cell phone unless it is an emergency. About 73% of drivers say it is easy to text and drive, however 1.3 million car crashes are caused by texting and driving. An eff ort to band texting and driving in Texas is at limbo in the Senate and was one vote shy of having enough members agree to bring it to the floor. (Tinsley 1) Senator Judith Zaffirini, D-Laredo states that they are so veryRead MoreDistracted Driving While Using Handheld Electronic Device893 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst distractions while driving a vehicle began with something as simple as the car radio. As technology progressed, the devices became more complex and required more attention to operate them. Recently, the biggest distraction for drivers is using smartphones to send text messages or to interact with others through social media. People fail to realize the dangers that are associated with distracted driving. The Department of Transportation reported 100,917 distracted driving crashes in 2014, resultingRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving1503 Words   |  7 Pagesforth over the lines or driving at very inconsistent speeds. You wonder what could possibly be causing the driver to drive so erratically. Is the driver drunk? Is the driver preoccupied with eating his or her lunch? Is the driver busy attending children in the backseat? Once you pull along the side you realize that was not the case, instead you notice the driver has a cellular telephone up to her or his ear chatting away, or even worse you pass and see the driver holding a phone texting, you pass byRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phone1091 Words   |  5 Pagesyour mobile phone in your school and personal life? Cell Phones could be a really reliable tool to use when it comes to your school work and etc . It allows students to obtain answer to questions very quickly and easily but students,adults and even parents intend to get addicted on cell phones easily and it’s broadly proven. For past the century cell phones have been there for us helps us to our daily living there is no doubt that we use cellphones in our daily lives . â€Å" Cell phones have enabledRead MoreRole Of The Phone Addiction Causes Dangerous Actions Involving The Cell Phone1034 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of cell phone users, especially smartphone users, are addicted to their phone. The role of the phone addiction causes dangerous actions involving the use of the cell phone. Using a cell phone, especially texting and driving, puts not only the driver but those around in serious danger. Driving is not an instance where multitasking is good. When drivers are trying to multitask by driving and using their cell phones to text, the risk of an accident significantly jumps due to erratic driving. EvenRead MoreThe Dangers of Texting While Driving Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesof technology, cell phones in particular. From pagers, to car phones, to initial â€Å"flip-phones†, and now to sma rt-phones, people practically use up most of their daily time with these devices. Nowadays, a lot of people doesn’t even like to have phone conversations†¦they can deliver their entire thought through a simple text message. In some retrospect, that’s a very good thing; in others, it can be extremely crucial, especially when it comes to texting and driving. Texting and driving has been the leadingRead MoreEssay On Importance Of Mobile Phone1270 Words   |  6 Pagesyour mobile phone in your school and personal life? Cell Phones could be a really reliable tool to use when it comes to your school work and etc . It allows students to obtain answer to questions very quickly and easily but students,adults and even parents intend to get addicted on cell phones easily and it’s broadly proven. For past the century cell phones have been there for us helps us to our daily living there is no doubt that we use cellphones in our daily lives . â€Å" Cell phones have enabledRead MoreDistracted While Driving1057 Words   |  5 PagesDistracted While Driving Virtually anyone who has a driver’s license has been introduced to the idea that distracted driving causes accidents. However, the consequences of distracted driving are far more than just predictable and often taken lightly. Predictable events can be avoided. Since these are predictable events they are preventable. The choices that drivers make affect more people than they may realize, thus making them responsible for the consequences that result from those choices

Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior

Topography is a term used in applied behavior analysis (ABA) to describe behavior—specifically what behavior looks like. Topography defines behavior in an operational way, free of the coloration of values or expectation. By describing the topography of behavior, you avoid many of the problematic terms that find their way into definitions of behaviors. Disrespect, for example, is more often a reflection of the teachers reaction than the students intent. By contrast, the phrase refusing to comply with a direction would be a topographical description of the same behavior. The Importance of Topography Clearly defining the topography of behavior is especially important for creating appropriate interventions for children whose disabilities are in part defined by behavior, such as emotional and behavioral disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Teachers and administrators without extensive experience or training in dealing with behavioral disabilities often overreact and create more problems by focusing on the social constructs surrounding misbehavior without observing the actual behavior. When they do so, these educators are focusing on the  function of a behavior  rather than its topography. The function of a behavior describes why the behavior occurs, or the purpose of the behavior; whereas, the topography of the behavior describes its form. Describing the topography of the behavior is much more objective—you are simply stating objectively what happened. The function of the behavior tends to be much more subjective—you are trying to explain why a student exhibited a certain behavior. Topography Versus Function Topography and function represent two very different ways of describing a behavior. For example, if a child throws a tantrum, to explain the topography of the behavior, it would not be enough for a teacher to simply say the child threw a tantrum. A topographical definition might state: The child threw herself on the floor, and kicked and screamed in a high-pitched voice. The child did not make physical contact with other individuals, furniture, or other items in the environment. The functional description, by contrast, would be open to interpretation: Lisa became angry, swung her arms and tried to strike other children and the teacher while screaming in that high-pitched voice she often uses. Each description could be defined as a tantrum, but the former contains only what the observer saw, whereas the latter includes interpretation. It is not possible to know, for example, that a child intended to injure others through a topographical description, but paired with an  antecedent, behavior, consequence (ABC)  observation, you may be able to determine the function of the behavior. It is often helpful to have several professionals observe the same behaviors and then provide both functional and topographical descriptions. By observing the antecedent—what happens immediately before the behavior occurred—and determining the function of the behavior as well as describing its topography, you gain additional insights into the behavior that you are observing. By combining these two methods—decribing the topography of a behavior and determining its function—educators and behavior specialists can help chose a replacement behavior and create an intervention, known as a  behavior intervention plan. Loaded Descriptions Versus Topography To truly understand how topography might describe a behavior, it can be helpful to look at loaded (emotionally tinged) descriptions of a given behavior versus topographical descriptions (objective observations).  Behavioral Learning Solutions  offers this method of comparing the two: Loaded Description Topography Sally got angry and started throwing items during circle time trying to hit others with the items. The student threw items or released items from her hand. Marcus is making progress and, when prompted, can say â€Å"buh† for bubbles. The student can make the vocal sound â€Å"buh† Karen, happy as always, waved goodbye to her teacher. The student waved or moved her hand from side to side. When asked by an assistant to put away the blocks, Joey got mad again and threw the blocks at the assistant trying to hit her. The student threw blocks on the floor. Guidelines for Topography of a Behavior When describing the topography of a behavior: Avoid value-laden descriptions, such as good, best, and bad.Describe as much of the behavior as you can in as objective a manner as possible.Ask another professional to observe the behavior and review the topographical description.Set aside time to observe the behavior more than once.   The topography of a behavior may also be referred to as the operational definition of behavior.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization Essay

The notion of globalisation encompasses various different aspects of social, economic and political life. In order to answer the question of whether or not globalisation is a progressive or negative force, I must first define globalisation. Then I shall examine the impact of globalisation on the population and finally determine whether this is a positive or negative impact. There are five different aspects that I have chosen in order to define the phenomenon of globalisation. They are internationalisation, liberalisation, universilisation, westernisation, and deterritorialization. (Scholte, page 16) Internationalisation refers to the significant increase in relations between countries. Increases in economic trade and politcal†¦show more content†¦Due to economic liberalisation and the opening up of markets to the world, the same products can be found in different countries and multinational corporations can exist in many different countries at the same time. It is the process of spreading a variety of goods, services, and ideas to all parts of the world. Countries are adopting similar policies of economic liberalisation, and increased freedom of movement of people and capital between countries. Westernisation is a concept often associated with universalisation and it refers to the spread of western ideas and western culture to the rest of the world. These include industrial capitalism, individualism, and liberal democratic forms of government. These ideas often conflict with traditional cultures and often destroy or alter the values of these cultures. For example, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund have imposed structural adjustment programs on developing countries. These programs have a western agenda of economic liberalisation and liberal democratic government. Deterritorialisation refers to a reduced significance of borders between nation states. This is due in large part to technological improvements that allow rapid movement across countries around the world. A countrys location is not as important as it used to be. World domination no longer exists in the form of direct colonisation of another territory, but instead exists in the form ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization1396 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization can be defined as the ability to produce and good or service anywhere in the world using capital, technology and components from anywhere and to sell the output anywhere and place the profits anywhere - - Peter Jay, BBC Economics Corrospondent, 1996 Rather than lead to economic benefits for all people, economic globalization has brought the planet to the brink of environmental catastrophe, social unrest that is unprecedented, economies of most countries in shambles, an increaseRead MoreThe Drawbacks Of Globalization920 Words   |  4 PagesYou either hate it or you love it. Globalization. Has its benefits and has its drawbacks. Do the benefits overturn the drawbacks? Benefits include the spread of new culture, jobs, diversity, as well as careers. It improves the global economy, expands knowledge of foreign cultures, and free trade equals a happy economy. Drawbacks of globalization include, taking jobs away from locals, people move country to country wherever they can make the most money and leave the poorer countries which in turnRead MoreGlobalization And The Global Migration903 Words   |  4 Pagesthe country. Globalization is the global economic integration of the global market. In recent time, there were many migrations b ecause of the process of globalization. In order for us to understand the causes and the effects of these migrations, we need to understand the relationship between globalization and global migration. Globalization is the primary reason why global migration occurs. Globalization is the (process of integration and development in the global market.) Globalization is a majorRead MoreThe Integration Of Globalization907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Relevancy of Globalization The term ‘globalization’ has become the paradigm of explaining the interconnectedness of the world and its inhabitants. While there are numerous definitions, the one coined by Gao Shangquan fits into context: Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. Since the beginningRead MoreGlobalization in Thai1612 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization in Thailand Nowadays, many countries around the world have established gradually closer contact, which is the result of unprecedented changes in communications, multinational company, transportation, and deregulation market. This phenomenon is known as globalization. Globalization causes changes in cultures, economies, laws, migrations, and politics across the globe. There are many people from the West who know Eastern culture. For example, Asians use chopsticks to eat and bowing isRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Discuss The Benefits And Drawbacks1720 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss the benefits and drawbacks from the point of view that globalization made in the developing countries in the three important fields such as economic and trade processes, education and health systems and culture effects. It is consists of four paragraphs. In paragraph one, the benefits and detriment of globalization in the economic and trade processes field will be discussed. Then, in paragraph two, the impact of globalization on education and health systems in bothRead MorePros and Cons of Globalization for Suppliers and Businesses Essay538 Words   |  3 PagesAlmost every business has been affected by globalization during the last few decades. The main changes for businesses have been in technology, competition and the exchange of information. For suppliers to keep pace with the economy they have to understand the advantages and disadvantages of globalization and how it works. The three main benefits of technology are a higher quality of the product or service, and the saving of money and time. For businesses to increase the sales and be able to keepRead MoreInternational Business Essay838 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness incubators? a. Business incubators are local community initiatives to share resources for small start-ups. Examples of business incubators are Small Business Development Centers or Score chapters. 3. What are benefits to both parties of franchising? a. Franchising can benefit the person looking to franchise because it can reduce the amount of time and effort required to start a business. The franchisor has already developed and tested the concept, and the brand may already be familiar toRead MoreGlobalization And The European Union1685 Words   |  7 PagesThere are in some areas of globalization that can cause drawbacks, which were made prevalent with the European Union. The main drawback within the European Union was its economy. If one country within the organization were to have economic crisis then that country would affect all other country members. This was made clear in 2010 with the economic crisis presented in Greece. Many other countries within the Union were left to bail out the Greece economy; which in turn, hurt their own economies. TheRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Environment1380 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy centre, 2002). Globalisation has affected various nations in a different way such as Economical ly, Socially and politically. Globalization helps to increases an International Trade, mainly creation of new trade treaty between the developing and developed countries. Globalization binds nations together (Tverberg, G., 2013). The most important thing of globalization is impact on environment is that, there is an improvement on use of resources and awareness. There is a worldwide market for the

Inequalities in Nursing - 5710 Words

This assignment will critique the phenomenon of suspension within the NHS and explore the inequalities in how the Department of Health (DOH) manage this process. This will focus upon the differences between how medics (doctors and dentists) and nurses are managed within the NHS. The number of those affected by the process of suspension will be highlighted and there will be a discussion of the policies and procedures available to these professionals working within the NHS. A brief description of why suspension occurs will be offered and the experience of those affected by the process of suspension will be examined which will look at stress; in particular within nursing, bullying and harassment and look at how whistleblowers are treated.†¦show more content†¦For nurses and other non doctors and dentists there are voluntary guidelines in place to manage suspensions with no timescales and the emphasis is focused upon good practice and the guidelines state that tools such as, root cause analysis and the incident decision tree may be used (DOH 2006 p.15). The only major work regarding suspensions in the UK was published by the NAO (2003). The study of clinical staff in the UK, which includes nurses, used a data collection survey of NHS Hospital and Ambulance Trusts in England. An expert panel reviewed methodology and emergent key findings which in terms of nurse suspensions revealed that between April 2001-July 2002, 567 nurses and midwives were suspended for at least one month (p.15). This amounted to 53% of total NHS staff suspension. Nurses were more likely to be formally suspended than doctors and the average length of suspension was 19 weeks (p.11). At the end of the suspension 44% returned to work and fewer than 20% were suspended for reasons of professional competency (p.16). The survey also looked at Trusts’ adherence to best practice, which it was concluded that in many cases it was not followed, particularly in regard to; consultation of alternative options to suspension, regular progress reviews and reporting to the Trust Board (p.25). The report stated that two thirds of local Trust’s use DOH guidance as a basis for their local procedures but that a quarter of Trust’s felt thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Why Sociology Is Important to Nursing986 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy of society, communities and people whereas nursing is a profession which focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities in attaining, maintaining and recovering optimal health and functioning. In this assignment, I will describe the definition of Sociology, the definition of nursing and explain why sociology is very important and is relevant to nursing practice. I hope this assignment will show the relevance of sociology to nursing practice and that will develop more professionalRead MoreEssay on Gender Inequality in Medical School1718 Words   |  7 Pagesmen or women like to cook more than men or they are better caretakers. This discussion addresses major controversial stereotypes within medical schools and health institutions across America. For centuries women have faced the challenge of gender inequality within their medical education and profession. Different medical fields in schools, practices and institutions have different types of gender issues. For example, males are criticized for becoming to be a nurse, while women are seen as unequippedRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And The Rights Of The Maori People Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesimprovement of the healt h status of the Maori is taken into serious action and it is necessary to address the inequalities and disparities that exist (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011). The treaty text in both Maori and English version have a certain point of reference in terms of health which is an obligation of the British Crown. The treaty of Waitangi is a framework to reduce health inequalities and literally shows a clear indication of why the treaty was established, for the Maoris’ interests, protectionRead MoreLearning The History Of Nursing1505 Words   |  7 Pages Learning the history of nursing is vital in understanding nursing today. How Florence Nightingale changed the history of nursing? Why there is more female than male nurses? Why nurses were considered subordinate to physician? Why the contribution of physicians received more recognition than nurses? Why Filipino nurses is abundance in the United States hospitals? This paper would discuss the part of history of nursing that ans wered those above question. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Florence NightingaleRead Morethe verdict Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Sociological Imagination Essay Galen College of Nursing Sociological Imagination Essay In 1959, sociologist, C. Wright Mills, had said that in order to think critically about the world around us, we need to use our sociological imagination in order to see the connections of our personal lives to the larger groups on history (Conley, 2011). Mills states that this is the idea of an individual being able to understand their own life experiences by inserting themselvesRead MoreThe Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing1657 Words   |  7 Pagescan learn to reduce these inequalities in healthcare and make great healthcare more accessible to everyone. The factors that will be discussed are individual lifestyle choices, housing conditions and . Health inequalities are preventable and unjust differences in health status experienced by certain population groups. People in lower socio-economic groups are more likely to experience health inequalities than people in higher socio-economic classes. Health inequalities are not only found betweenRead MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 Pageseach other (Bennett, B., 2009 p.2). Nursing is a health care profession which concentrates in supporting individuals, their families, and societies as a whole in preserving, attaining and improving best possible health and functioning (Kozier, et al., 2010 pp. 8-9). Sociological knowledge plays a dynamic and elementary role within nursing profession. Besides medical knowledge a nurse needs to be socially aware of a client’s social values. In today’s society, nursing goes further than focusing on healthRead MoreCase Analysis : Plainfield Healthcare Center Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesto the case The case is about Plainfield Healthcare Center, is a nursing home in Indiana that cares for an elderly women with frail health. The center has a black certified nurse name Brenda Chaney who works diligently every single day for her assigned patients. All nurse in the center have a duty to keep records of the patients’ conditions and any special request from them. In accordance with the Indiana state law where the nursing home has to accommodate any patient who had decided to live in theRead MoreGender Inequality1675 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today. In order to examine this situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as their male counterparts. The society in which we liveRead MoreThe On The Origin Of Inequality787 Words   |  4 PagesIn part one of Rousseau’s Discourse on the origin of inequality, he argues that most of the â€Å"ills† that humans face are self inflicted and represent signs of their weakness (Cress, pg. 21). In this discourse he speaks on the disadvantages of the modern man in association with modern medicine. However, the progress of the healthcare sector and more specifically nurses has benefited humanity in many ways. The most notable of these benefits are that nurses have ensured quality care for humans and have

Concepts Leading to Inaccurate Perceptions free essay sample

Hundreds of years ago determining the outcome of an event or situation was somewhat easier than it is in our present day society. As our world and time evolved so did the people which inhabit it. Going from Point A to Point B is very rarely a straight line anymore, the path is often filled with twists and turns that could end up leading to a point you never saw coming. In psychology especially lies a wide range of topics and concepts that can lead to inaccurate perceptions, cognitions, and conclusions of certain situations. Ideas such as the afterimage effect, availability heuristic, ethnocentrism, groupthink, the lack of object permanence, non-random assignment of research participants, optimistic explanatory style, and proactive interference are all subjects that tend to skew one’s original perspective or path. To start things off I will begin by discussing the afterimage effect. This effect is what occurs when your eyes, after leaving the receptor cells, analyze visual information in terms of opponent colors. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts Leading to Inaccurate Perceptions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I tried the example in the book with the flag and the dot, I couldn’t quite grasp the concept as well as I wanted to. I realized that the afterimage effect was almost like an optical illusion, so I found a really great example where a negative picture of Beyonce had three colored dots on her nose; one dot was green, one was blue, and one was red. When you took your eyes off of the negative picture and looked at a plain dot right next to it, blinking once I was able to see a full colored picture of Beyonce. The afterimage effect greatly distorts one’s visual perception of objects when dealing with colors that are received by the eye and those colors that are opposite of them. An effect like this can change the entire way you perceive an inanimate object. As I began to look into availability heuristic, I soon realized how often people subconsciously partake in it. Before I get head of myself I should first explain what availability heuristic is all about. Have you ever watched the news and heard about an event that you almost simultaneously judged the minute you heard about it? This is kind of what availability heuristic entails; more specifically it is how one bases judgments on how mentally available information is. That is in instances that come readily to mind people have a tendency to presume such events are common than they actually are. I found a slightly humorous example where people think they’re more likely to die in a shark attack rather than dying from being hit by falling plane parts, when in reality it is actually the exact opposite. The only reason people believe this is because on the news and in the media we as a society are more likely to hear about a shark attack (i. e. Shark Week) rather than hearing that someone was fatally hit with a piece of a plane. Availability heuristic can severely alter the way we judge situations in everyday life. Just because we think something is common, like dying from a shark attack, we must learn to take a step and analyze that this is not always true, that maybe people actually die more often from flying plane debris. `The concept of ethnocentrism has become a leading idea in forming inaccurate perceptions, particularly in today’s society. In a nut shell ethnocentrism is when a person judges another culture solely based by the values and standards of their own culture. A prime example of ethnocentrism occurring in our present day society is how Americans judge people in the Middle East and vice versa. People in America think that everyone in the Middle East violent terrorists that only seek to destroy those who do not share their same beliefs; and in some cases this may be true. However placing such a harsh standard is not reasonable, for in the Middle East not everyone is Islamic; Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that also populate that region. Both these religions also happen to be based on extremely peaceful morals and a strict set of humanitarian values. As you can see the rather broad idea of ethnocentrism can cause very large and very specific inaccuracies among social perceptions in our world. Ethnocentrism almost single-handedly ruined the peace between two powerful regions of the world. Anyone who has ever had any type of schooling I can almost guarantee has experienced a concept known as â€Å"groupthink†. Groupthink is characterized as a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the opportunity for realistic alternatives. A very general example could be when a group of students working on a project in English would rather just get the project done instead of considering all the possibilities to make the project something special because not everyone in the group cares that much about the grade. Here we see that the idea of group think distorts the project as a whole and ultimately can change the way people in the group view English class and maybe even school. A more specific example I found of a situation where groupthink led to an imprecise conclusion is the Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster. Basically NASA officials knew about the potential failure of this launching, but because some people in the group didn’t want to delay the launch, NASA went through with it. This is a case where the groupthink definitely led to not only inaccurate but disastrous conclusions. Playing Peek-A-Boo with a little baby is for some reason so amusing to adults. It’s baffling how the children honestly believe that just because they can’t see you, that automatically means you aren’t there. Well there’s actually a name for this, called the lack of object permanence. This phenomenon is mostly experience by young children where they aren’t aware that things continue to exist even they’re not perceived. The game of Peek-A-Boo is one of the easiest examples that demonstrate the incorrect perceptions the lack of object permanence brings on. Obviously closing your eyes doesn’t mean the whole world disappears and you’re somehow floating in another dimension; it just means you can’t visually perceive what’s around you. One concept that is especially important to researchers in the psychological field that perform experiments to collect data is the idea of random assignment versus non-random assignment. Random assignment is when you assign participants to experiment and conduct conditions by chance, which is what normally minimizes preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups. However non-random assignment is when you as the experiment conductor know that the participants were specifically chosen for some reason. For example if a journalist was going to write a piece on how people that live in the city of Pittsburgh actually view the city, he would need to get feedback from people that live in the city. But if this journalist were to only sample his friends whom he knew shared the same ideas as him, it really wouldn’t be a credible article; some might even consider the data faulty due to the fact the research wasn’t obtained randomly. The way people explain themselves and why they experience particular events is an attribute called explanatory style which usually indicates how this is done. A specific version of explanatory style is optimistic explanatory style. To be optimistic is to have the tendency to always look on the bright side of things. This can however lead to fallacious conclusions that may have not been intended. Take for example the hypothetical situation I’m about to describe. A senior in high school, Percy, is extremely bright but quite shy and soft-spoken. One day in math Percy lets a rather rude kid cheat off of his test and because of the great grade the kid received on the test he ends up passing Percy in the running for valedictorian. Percy having an optimistic explanatory style is still happy though because he managed to get the salutatorian spot instead. Percy was looking at the situation with completely clouded judgment. Because he was always so optimistic, Percy didn’t try to fight his way back into the top spot of his class and there was really an undeserving candidate for valedictorian because of it. The last concept I will describe to you is that of proactive interference. Proactive interference is the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. An example of this is actually an issue I deal with in school. English speaking people usually have a hard time learning Spanish because they’ll want to apply already known English grammar skills to the Spanish language, which if you’ve ever taken any kind of language you’ll know definitely does not work well at all. Proactive interference does exactly what it sounds like it does, it interferes with the way people perceive new knowledge which can ensue damage on a person’s life in the long run. In the world of psychology it’s almost imperative to analyze how and why concepts alter situations that can lead to inaccurate perceptions and conclusions. The common ground that all the concepts mentioned above share is that they somehow lead to inaccuracies. Whether it’s the afterimage effect and your vision is distorted or ethnocentrism where your view of social norms is biased and skewed, these concepts lead to visual, physical, mental, and behavioral miscommunications that I believe deserve to be examined and studied.

Accounting Theory and Current Positive Issues

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Positive Issues. Answer: Introduction This assignment deals with the positive scientific research and the alignment of this strategy with the accounting research. Therefore, it can be said that the aim of this study is to put focus on defining the significant goals of the human behavior that helps in setting accounting. This study has been made on the basis of the provided peer-reviewed article that is Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. It deals with setting of both kinds of assumptions that are ontology and epistemology and these are especially required for performing scientific research and also to review the facets of feasibility for performing the rational projects. In some cases, it has been found that this has certain assumptions, which might be illogical, wrong and absurd also. The specified portion of the article puts emphasis on positive research in the field of accounting, chiefly during the defensive activities (Deegan 2013). It has been found that at certain times, accounting is considered as def endable in nature and thus it becomes hard to adjust in the potential period. Therefore, this assignment puts focus on enhancing and understanding the level of logics and progress by the implementation of various collection methodologies like qualitative and quantitative methods. Article Summarization The particular article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research is mainly based on the explanation of the auditing concepts and thus it delivers good job. In addition to this, this specified article puts emphasis on the method by which further practices fall short in case of prescriptions of Popper (Crawford and Lepine 2013). On the contrary, it has been found that the qualitative researchers have summarized the specified provided article by implementation and incorporation of various relevant theories and have also conducted numerous hypothesis for the purpose of examining. This process involves underpinning of the findings under surveillance that also lines up with the research in the field of accounting. On the other hand, the quantitative researchers intend to perform all the hypotheses and examinations, which are comparatively less meticulous after the comparison of this with the prescription of Popper. This involves combination of characteristics that have been detected b y the quantitative researchers for analysis of definite and mistaken hypotheses (Ball 2013). Based on the summery of the particular article, it can be said that for signifying a confidence after the acceptance of the inspectional findings and the erroneous ideas suitably, both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies have been implemented. The reason for the success is the incorporation of the relevant concepts regarding the positive accounting after the understanding of the regulating artifacts with the aim to lay down a relatively lower standard. It has been declared within the description of Kuhn that the normal sciences are usually adjusted within the key objectives regarding the implementation of positive accounting in the research regarding the subject of accounting. Moreover, the positive accounting research has been compared with the traditional sciences. Thus, the ultimate outlook illustrates the primary fact, especially during the period of Kuhnian resolution an d crisis that took place through the illustration of the concept of positive accounting (Deegan 2012). Therefore, various propositions regarding the article and discussion about the particular crisis and the aspects of resolution have been considered for the emancipation of the research on the subject positive accounting in order to acquire relatively higher level of compensations. Therefore, numerous cases have been offered in practical actions regarding the confrontation that depends on the current scheme in order to implement the change management. It can be claimed that the theories regarding the Positive Accounting are considered under a wider concept and is also concerned about all the developmental features of the research programs and these were associated with the enlightenment of the human behavior. Moreover, it can be said that the scenario of the accounting was compared with the presence of the PAT within the research (Miller and Power 2013). Therefore, the summary of the particular article puts emphasis on the ontology as well as the epistemology in order to explore the programs. It has been found that there are some problems that are referred as the most common one for this process and this involve the untailored creation of the models of theories for scrutinizing the dependence on the logics of the hypotheses. From this detailed study, it can be said that there is lack of interest within the statistical values of the dimensions and thus faces inadequate duplication. This implies earning of accurate poise level after the contemplation of the outcomes and hypothetical approach after the scrutiny of the qualitative information is considered as a vital factor. It has been found that the theories of positive accounting deal with the scrutiny of the larger aspects in order to attain ability regarding the scientific goals. Additionally, the description of Kuhn demonstrates the normal sciences and it has been found that these get set well into the research of positive accounting in an accurate way. Based on the summary of the particular article, the positive accounting theory elucidates the related theories and concepts of the accounting. Its aim is to consider the main portion of the broader scholarly projects for scientific research after the understanding of the affiliation between the cause and effect (Jones 2015). It implies description of the critical accounting research that defines the particular subject towards the arguments. From this, it can be said that the aspects of accounting causes human behavior in MNCs. Thus, face-to-face interaction is required for replacing the personal systems within the process of making decision (Messier 2016). Thus, understanding of the deficiencies as well as importance of positive accounting is considered as an important factor. Research Questions What are the concepts as well as the theories of positive accounting that are used for accounting research? What is the process of development of the concept regarding positive accounting in between the relationship of the human behaviors? How does the description of Kuhn help in explaining the normal sciences that are related to the research of accounting? Theoretical Framework According to Schnader, Bedard and Cannon (2015), all the experimental questions are related to the comprehensive and informal theories regarding the behavior of the human beings and this limits the application of theories. The extensive regions are provided by particular actions for contributing interpretive research. This concept aligns with positive, ontology as well as epistemology for illustrating all the theories. Therefore, based on this research, it can be said that the goal of the researchers is to observe the imperfections within the social world, especially after the development of the possible actions. Opined to Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014), the scientific research includes the various process of data collection i.e. qualitative and quantitative. It has been found that based on some assumptions, certain theories as well as concepts suggest to gather data after the methodology of induction. This means logical and support evidence should be counted from the acceptance theories and as per Popper this concept can be understood. Additionally, based on the predictions of the examinations, new theories are implemented in some circumstances. From this, it can easily be understood that on the basis of both old and new concepts and theories, innovative predictions can be innovated. Bonin (2013) suggested that as per Popper new theories have been incorporated after the observation of the regularities. Moreover, inductive observation should be counted for pure imaginative and creative procedure in empirical information. In addition to these, this particular concept also involves the concern of single theory. Thus, falsification counts inoperable assumptions on the basis of the predictions (theoretical). Therefore, after falsification, the theories are regarded as per the tracks of Pioneer spacecraft 10 and 11. As per Moser and Martin (2012), two different objective are there for undertaking the research under qualitative method. Additionally, data collection process helps to expand the preliminary understanding regarding an efficient phenomenon during the measurement of data through quantitative method. Moreover, it can be said that sort out of particular questions is considered as an important factor for the research of audit pricing. This assignment puts spotlight on regression analysis in order to appreciate the pricing pattern of auditors in the audit report. Thus, it implies various aspects of collecting after classification of tender bid, representation of various strategies that have been accepted by auditors and differentiation of various patterns of behavior. Importance and Restrictions of Article It can be said that the study of the particular article is considered as the key important factor as the specified article has been written in various version of the Logic of Popper. Moreover, this can be said in other words that the particular article needs measurement of the various activities as well as statistics of examination (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). Moreover, this has been found that this concept has been utilized for reviewing and studying the incompatibility along with certainty of different theories and concepts from the null hypotheses. In addition to these, it requires removal of the transformation of the conventional significance in order to understand all the aspects of threshold by the process of keeping the value of p at a constant value called 0.00001 (Ballwieser et al. 2012). As a result, it can be said that this needs consideration of the re-attribution for the positives that are true even after the acceptance of the numerical values. This mainly occurs e specially during the period of high demand in order to earn comparatively stronger evidence. However, it has been found that in the particular process, there is mainly two different motives that helps to replicate the preceding studies. These include identification of real outcomes that puts importance on the error of sampling. Moreover, this study helps to explore the limitation of the implementation of preceding findings as well as observations for the objective of analysis in the future. Nevertheless, several important aspects are declared within the particular article and have been utilized for testing all the hypotheses. In addition to these, it has been mentioned by the help of the aspects of the literature that range between 1 % to 5 %, especially after concentrating on the numerical problems (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). This needs review of the misstated numbers at the significant levels in order to specify the regression, especially after the publication of the specification. Therefore, it can be said that the author of the particular provided article inte nds to work industriously in order to try out the other options, proxies as well as functional forms on the basis of econometric assumptions. Moreover, it has been found that there are certain unimportant data and information that results into false positives only after the comparison between the duplication of the work. It has been noted that there are several concepts of motivation that have been structured specially after the duplication of the particular study in a specified manner that is by accepting the samples. From this, it can be said that undertaking of the proxies especially after the consideration of the functional forms also satisfies the econometric assumptions regarding the process of data gathering by the usage of different specifications (Furnham and Gunter 2015). The objective of this is to highlight on the traits in order to examine the significance level broadly and this depends on both residual variance and size of the sample at same moment of time. However, on the basis of the concerned limitations, the study needs improvement in the sector of research for better scope in the future. This is also known as disappointing procedure especially during the period of performing research on positive accounting and directing in the direction of upshots (DeFond and Zhang 2014). The quantitative models are implemented on the basis of ad hoc after the preservation of the association between two variables. Furthermore, it can be said that steadfast height of audit is related to higher level of intricacy for shaping the limitation. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the specified article tests the portions that are associated with both ontology as well as epistemology. On the other way round, it can be said that this is regarded as the indulgent of the conception of existing accounting policies for research as it is used for regulating the programs of research. This article also explains the incorporation of suitable theoretical models in order to test the susceptible nature. It can be suggested that this requires better techniques for measurement and should be tested thoroughly. References Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012.Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Furnham, A. and Gunter, B., 2015.Corporate Assessment (Routledge Revivals): Auditing a Company's Personality. Routledge. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Jones, S. ed., 2015.The routledge companion to financial accounting theory. Routledge. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605. Moser, D.V. and Martin, P.R., 2012. A broader perspective on corporate social responsibility research in accounting.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.797-806. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Schnader, A.L., Bedard, J.C. and Cannon, N.H., 2015. The principal-agent dilemma: Reframing the auditor's role using stakeholder theory.Accounting and the Public Interest.